73 research outputs found

    On the homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation of some organic compounds

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    The conversion of a metastable phase into a thermodynamically stable phase takes place via the formation of clusters. Clusters of different sizes are formed spontaneously within the metastable mother phase, but only those larger than a certain size, called the critical size, will end up growing into a new phase. There are two types of nucleation: homogeneous, where the clusters appear in a uniform phase, and heterogeneous, when pre-existing surfaces are available and clusters form on them. The nucleation of aerosol particles from gas-phase molecules is connected not only with inorganic compounds, but also with nonvolatile organic substances found in atmosphere. The question is which ones of the myriad of organic species have the right properties and are able to participate in nucleation phenomena. This thesis discusses both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, having as theoretical tool the classical nucleation theory (CNT) based on thermodynamics. Different classes of organics are investigated. The members of the first class are four dicarboxylic acids (succinic, glutaric, malonic and adipic). They can be found in both the gas and particulate phases, and represent good candidates for the aerosol formation due to their low vapor pressure and solubility. Their influence on the nucleation process has not been largely investigated in the literature and it is not fully established. The accuracy of the CNT predictions for binary water-dicarboxylic acid systems depends significantly on the good knowledge of the thermophysical properties of the organics and their aqueous solutions. A large part of the thesis is dedicated to this issue. We have shown that homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation of succinic, glutaric and malonic acids in combination with water is unlikely to happen in atmospheric conditions. However, it seems that adipic acid could participate in the nucleation process in conditions occurring in the upper troposphere. The second class of organics is represented by n-nonane and n-propanol. Their thermophysical properties are well established, and experiments on these substances have been performed. The experimental data of binary homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation have been compared with the theoretical predictions. Although the n-nonane - n-propanol mixture is far from being ideal, CNT seems to behave fairly well, especially when calculating the cluster composition. In the case of heterogeneous nucleation, it has been found that better characterization of the substrate - liquid interaction by means of line tension and microscopic contact angle leads to a significant improvement of the CNT prediction. Unfortunately, this can not be achieved without well defined experimental data.Aineen olomuodon muuntuminen metastabiilista termodynaamisesti vakaaseen faasiin tapahtuu molekyyliryppÀiden eli klusterien muodostumisen kautta. Erikokoisia molekyyliklustereita syntyy kaikissa metastabiileissa faaseissa (esim. höyryissÀ) spontaanisti, mutta nukleoituakseen eli muodostaakseen uuden vakaan faasin, niiden tÀytyy kasvaa riittÀvÀn suuriksi. TÀtÀ uuden faasin syntymiseksi tarvittavaa rajakokoa kutsutaan kriittiseksi kooksi. Nukleaatiota on kahta tyyppiÀ: homogeenista, jossa nukleoituneet klusterit muodostuvat puhtaaseen faasiin; sekÀ heterogeenista, jossa klusterit syntyvÀt erillisen valmiiksi olemassa olevan faasin pinnalle. IlmakehÀn aerosolihiukkasten syntyyn nukleaatiolla osallistuvat epÀorgaanisten aineiden lisÀksi joukko orgaanisia yhdisteitÀ joilla on matala höyrynpaine. On kuitenkin vielÀ osittain epÀselvÀÀ, mitkÀ ilmakehÀn lukuisista orgaanisista höyryistÀ pystyvÀt ilmakehÀn olosuhteissa tiivistymÀÀn ja siten osallistumaan hiukkasmuodostusprosesseihin. TÀssÀ vÀitöskirjassa tutkitaan homogeenista ja heterogeenista nukleaatiota termodynamiikkaan perustuvan klassisen nukleaatioteorian (Classical Nucleation Theory, CNT) avulla. TyössÀ tutkitaan erityyppisiÀ orgaanisia aineita. EnsimmÀisen tutkitun ryhmÀn muodostavat neljÀ dikarboksyylihappoa: maloni-, sukkiini-, glutaari- ja adipiinihappo. NÀitÀ happoja havaitaan ilmakehÀssÀ sekÀ hiukkas- ettÀ kaasufaasissa, ja ne ovat vesiliukoisuutensa sekÀ alhaisten kyllÀisen höyryn paineidensa takia hyviÀ ehdokkaita osallistumaan aerosolihiukkasten muodostumiseen. Niiden osallisuutta nukleaatioprosesseihin on kuitenkin tutkittu varsin vÀhÀn. Klassisen nukleaatioteorian soveltaminen happojen vesiliuoksille vaatii tarkkaa tietoa niiden termodynaamisista ominaisuuksista. Dikarboksyylihappojen vesiliuosten nukleaatio-ominaisuuksien tutkiminen onkin yksi tÀmÀn työn perustavoitteista. TyössÀ osoitetaan, ettÀ maloni-, sukkiini- ja glutaarihapon osallistuminen veden ohella ilmakehÀn nukleaatioprosesseihin on epÀtodennÀköistÀ. Adipiinihappo sen sijaan saattaa osallistua hiukkasmuodostukseen, erityisesti ylÀtroposfÀÀrissÀ. Toisen tutkitun orgaanisten aineiden ryhmÀn muodostavat n-nonaani ja n- propanoli. Niiden fysikaaliset ominaisuudet tunnetaan hyvin, ja laboratoriomittauksia niiden kÀyttÀytymisestÀ on saatavilla. TÀssÀ työssÀ mittaustuloksia nonaanin ja propanolin homogeenisesta ja heterogeenisesta nukleaatiosta verrataan teoreettisiin ennusteisiin. Vaikka n-nonaani - n- propanoliseos on kaukana ideaaliseoksesta, klassinen nukleaatioteoria vaikuttaa toimivan hyvin, erityisesti klusterien koostumusta ennustettaessa. Heterogeenisen nukleaation tapauksessa havaitaan, ettÀ viivajÀnnityksen (vrt. pintajÀnnitys) ja mikroskooppisen kontaktikulman kÀsitteiden lisÀÀminen klassiseen nukleaatioteoriaan parantaa sen ennusteita huomattavasti. NÀiden tekijöiden tarkkaan analyysiin tarvitaan kuitenkin lisÀÀ tunnetuille malliaineille tehtyjÀ mittauksia

    N-syndecan and HB-GAM in neural migration and differentiation : Modulation of growth factor activity in brain

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    The juvenile sea squirt wanders through the sea searching for a suitable rock or hunk of coral to cling to and make its home for life. For this task it has a rudimentary nervous system. When it finds its spot and takes root, it doesn't need its brain any more so it eats it. It's rather like getting tenure. Daniel C. Dennett (from Consciousness Explained, 1991) The little sea squirt needs its brain for a task that is very simple and short. When the task is completed, the sea squirt starts a new life in a vegetative state, after having a nourishing meal. The little brain is more tightly structured than our massive primate brains. The number of neurons is exact, no leeway in neural proliferation is tolerated. Each neuroblast migrates exactly to the correct position, and only a certain number of connections with the right companions is allowed. In comparison, growth of a mammalian brain is a merry mess. The reason is obvious: Squirt brain needs to perform only a few, predictable functions, before becoming waste. The more mobile and complex mammals engage their brains in tasks requiring quick adaptation and plasticity in a constantly changing environment. Although the regulation of nervous system development varies between species, many regulatory elements remain the same. For example, all multicellular animals possess a collection of proteoglycans (PG); proteins with attached, complex sugar chains called glycosaminoglycans (GAG). In development, PGs participate in the organization of the animal body, like in the construction of parts of the nervous system. The PGs capture water with their GAG chains, forming a biochemically active gel at the surface of the cell, and in the extracellular matrix (ECM). In the nervous system, this gel traps inside it different molecules: growth factors and ECM-associated proteins. They regulate the proliferation of neural stem cells (NSC), guide the migration of neurons, and coordinate the formation of neuronal connections. In this work I have followed the role of two molecules contributing to the complexity of mammalian brain development. N-syndecan is a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) with cell signaling functions. Heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) is an ECM-associated protein with high expression in the perinatal nervous system, and high affinity to HS and heparin. N-syndecan is a receptor for several growth factors and for HB-GAM. HB-GAM induces specific signaling via N-syndecan, activating c-Src, calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) and cortactin. By studying the gene knockouts of HB-GAM and N-syndecan in mice, I have found that HB-GAM and N-syndecan are involved as a receptor-ligand-pair in neural migration and differentiation. HB-GAM competes with the growth factors fibriblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) in HS-binding, causing NSCs to stop proliferation and to differentiate, and affects HB-EGF-induced EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling in neural cells during migration. N-syndecan signaling affects the motility of young neurons, by boosting EGFR-mediated cell migration. In addition, these two receptors form a complex at the surface of the neurons, probably creating a motility-regulating structure.Merituppi aloittaa elÀmÀnsÀ muistuttaen sammakon nuijapÀÀtÀ, ja sen hermosto ohjaa elÀimen liikkumista sen etsiessÀ kiinnittymispaikkaa. Kun paikka on löytynyt, merituppi kiinnittyy merenpohjaan ja luopuu aivoistaan kÀyttÀmÀllÀ ne ravinnokseen. Alkeellisten elÀinten keskushermosto on yksinkertainen ja suorittaa vain muutamia, yksinkertaisia tehtÀviÀ. Sen kehitys on tiukasti sÀÀdeltyÀ, eikÀ joustavuutta juuri ole solujen lukumÀÀrÀn, erilaistumisen ja hermoston kytköksien suhteen. NisÀkkÀiden aivojen kehitys on varsin sotkuista merituppeen verrattuna. Aktiivisesti liikkuvien ja toimivien elÀinten keskushermoston on oltava sekÀ kehityksessÀÀn, kypsymisessÀÀn, ettÀ toiminnassaan joustava. NisÀkkÀiden aivojen on mukauduttava jatkuvasti muuttuviin olosuhteisiin verraten nopeasti. Toimintavaatimuksista huolimatta kehittyneempien nisÀkÀsaivojen ja alkeellisten elÀinten aivojen kehityksessÀ on samankaltaisuuksia. Osa aivojen kehitystÀ sÀÀtelevistÀ mekanismeista on hyvin konservoitunutta. Kaikilla monisoluisilla elÀimillÀ on mm. proteoglykaaneja, proteiineja, joihin on kiinnittynyt sokeriosia. Proteoglykaanit osallistuvat elÀinten kehitykseen monella tasolla. Proteoglykaanit vangitsevat vettÀ sokeriosiensa avulla ja samalla kaappaavat vesiliukoisia proteiineja, kuten kasvutekijöitÀ ja muita sÀÀtelyproteiineja. NÀmÀ proteiinit osaltaan toimivat mm. keskushermoston kehityksen ohjaamisessa ja sÀÀtelyssÀ. TÀssÀ työssÀ olen seurannut erityisesti proteoglykaania nimeltÀ N-syndekaani, sekÀ siihen sitoutuvaa proteiinia, HB-GAM:ia, sekÀ nÀiden kahden molekyylin osuutta hiiren keskushermoston kehityksessÀ. Olen keskittynyt nÀiden molekyylien toimintaan hermoston solujen jakaantumisessa, erilaistumisessa, sekÀ migraatiossa. Työkaluina kÀytössÀni on ollut kaksi hiirilinjaa, joista toisesta on poistettu N-syndekaani geeni ja toisesta HB-GAM geeni. NÀitÀ poistogeenisiÀ hiiriÀ apuna kÀyttÀen olen voinut todeta, ettÀ sekÀ N-syndekaani, ettÀ HB-GAM osallistuvat keskushermoston kehitykseen sekÀ suoraan, ettÀ epÀsuorasti. EpÀsuora vaikutus esimerkiksi hermosolujen jakaantumiseen vÀlittyy HB-GAM:in estÀessÀ hermosolujen kasvutekijÀn, FGF-2:n, toiminnan. N-syndekaani lisÀÀ suoraan hermosolujen migraatiota, mutta osallistuu myös epÀsuorasti solujen liikkuvuuden sÀÀtelyyn ja luultavasti kemotaksiaan sitomalla HB-EGF kasvutekijÀÀ, sekÀ tukemalla EGF reseptorin vÀlittÀmÀÀ soluliikkuvuutta

    Analysis of nucleation events in the European boundary layer using the regional aerosol-climate model REMO-HAM with a solar radiation-driven OH-proxy

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    This work describes improvements in the regional aerosol–climate model REMO-HAM in order to simulate more realistically the process of atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). A new scheme was implemented to simulate OH radical concentrations using a proxy approach based on observations and also accounting for the effects of clouds upon OH concentrations. Second, the nucleation rate calculation was modified to directly simulate the formation rates of 3 nm particles, which removes some unnecessary steps in the formation rate calculations used earlier in the model. Using the updated model version, NPF over Europe was simulated for the periods 2003–2004 and 2008–2009. The statistics of the simulated particle formation events were subsequently compared to observations from 13 ground-based measurement sites. The new model shows improved agreement with the observed NPF rates compared to former versions and can simulate the event statistics realistically for most parts of Europe

    Soot-doped natural snow and its albedo — results from field experiments

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    Soot has a pronounced effect on the cryosphere and experiments are still needed to reduce the associated uncertainties. This work presents a series of experiments to address this issue, with soot being deposited onto a natural snow surface after which the albedo changes were monitored. The albedo reduction was the most pronounced for the snow with higher soot content, and it was observed immediately following soot deposition. Compared with a previous laboratory study the effects of soot on the snow were not as prominent in outdoor conditions. During snowmelt, about 50% of the originally deposited soot particles were observed to remain at the snow surface. More detailed experiments are however needed to better explain soot's effect on snow and to better quantify this effect. Our albedo versus soot parameterization agreed relatively well with previously published relationships.Peer reviewe

    Chicken Pleiotrophin: Regulation of Tissue Specific Expression by Estrogen in the Oviduct and Distinct Expression Pattern in the Ovarian Carcinomas

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    Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a developmentally-regulated growth factor which is widely distributed in various tissues and also detected in many kinds of carcinomas. However, little is known about the PTN gene in chickens. In the present study, we found chicken PTN to be highly conserved with respect to mammalian PTN genes (91–92.6%) and its mRNA was most abundant in brain, heart and oviduct. This study focused on the PTN gene in the oviduct where it was detected in the glandular (GE) and luminal (LE) epithelial cells. Treatment of young chicks with diethylstilbesterol induced PTN mRNA and protein in GE and LE, but not in other cell types of the oviduct. Further, several microRNAs, specifically miR-499 and miR-1709 were discovered to influence PTN expression via its 3â€Č-UTR which suggests that post-transcriptional regulation influences PTN expression in chickens. We also compared expression patterns and CpG methylation status of the PTN gene in normal and cancerous ovaries from chickens. Our results indicated that PTN is most abundant in the GE of adenocarcinoma of cancerous, but not normal ovaries of hens. Bisulfite sequencing revealed that 30- and 40% of −1311 and −1339 CpG sites are demethylated in ovarian cancer cells, respectively. Collectively, these results indicate that chicken PTN is a novel estrogen-induced gene expressed mainly in the oviductal epithelia implicating PTN regulation of oviduct development and egg formation, and also suggest that PTN is a biomarker for epithelial ovarian carcinoma that could be used for diagnosis and monitoring effects of therapies for the disease

    Interstitial cell migration: integrin-dependent and alternative adhesion mechanisms

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    Adhesion and migration are integrated cell functions that build, maintain and remodel the multicellular organism. In migrating cells, integrins are the main transmembrane receptors that provide dynamic interactions between extracellular ligands and actin cytoskeleton and signalling machineries. In parallel to integrins, other adhesion systems mediate adhesion and cytoskeletal coupling to the extracellular matrix (ECM). These include multifunctional cell surface receptors (syndecans and CD44) and discoidin domain receptors, which together coordinate ligand binding with direct or indirect cytoskeletal coupling and intracellular signalling. We review the way that the different adhesion systems for ECM components impact cell migration in two- and three-dimensional migration models. We further discuss the hierarchy of these concurrent adhesion systems, their specific tasks in cell migration and their contribution to migration in three-dimensional multi-ligand tissue environments

    Ensiapuohjeet liikuntaseura Muuramen Sykkeelle

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    Tapaturman sattuessa oikeanlainen toiminta voi parhaassa tapauksessa vÀhentÀÀ komplikaatioita ja jopa estÀÀ sairaalahoidon tarpeen. Kaikki apu on tapaturmatilanteessa arvokasta, vaikka usein ensiapua vaativissa tilanteissa ei hengenvaaraa olekaan. OpinnÀytetyö tehtiin yhteistyössÀ liikuntaseura Muuramen Sykkeen kanssa ja lopputuloksena syntyneet ensiapuohjeet suunniteltiin vastaamaan mahdollisimman hyvin seuran ohjaajien tarpeita, jotta he osaisivat toimia oikein ensiapua vaativissa tilanteissa. Tavoitteena oli lisÀtÀ seuran ohjaajien valmiutta ja osaamista mahdollisten liikuntatunneilla sattuvien tapaturmien varalle, sekÀ tehdÀ seuralle pÀivitetyt ensiapuohjeet. Seuralla ei ollut ohjeiden sisÀllöstÀ erityistoiveita, joten sisÀltöön koottiin ohjeet yleisimpien liikuntatunneilla sattuvien tapaturmien varalle. Aiheiksi valikoituivat peruselvytyksen lisÀksi astmakohtauksen ja diabeetikon ensiapu, rintakipu, pÀÀn vammat, haavat, murtumat ja nivelvammat, nenÀverenvuoto, pyörtyminen sekÀ tajuttoman ensiapu. Ohjeet on esitetty aakkosjÀrjestyksessÀ ja peruselvytyksestÀ lisÀsimme havainnollistavat kuvat. OpinnÀytetyö tehtiin tutkimuksellisena kehittÀmistyönÀ. LÀhdeaineisto haettiin niin verkosta sÀhköisesti eri tietokantoja hyödyntÀen, kuin ammattikorkeakoulun kirjastoistakin. LÀhteinÀ kÀytettiin tarkasti valittuja, nÀyttöön perustuvia lÀhteitÀ, kuten KÀypÀ hoito- suosituksia ja erilaisia aihettamme tukevia tutkimusartikkeleita. LÀhteiden ajankohtaisuuteen kiinnitettiin erityisesti huomiota. LÀhteitÀ haettiin myös englannin kielellÀ. OpinnÀytetyö tehtiin noudattamalla hyvÀÀ eettistÀ kÀytÀntöÀ. OpinnÀytetyön lopputuloksena syntyivÀt pÀivitetyt, sÀhköiset ensiapuohjeet Muuramen Sykkeen ohjaajille. Ohjeet suunniteltiin kÀyttÀen Canva-sivustoa ja niistÀ pyrittiin luomaan yksinkertaiset sekÀ helppolukuiset. Ohjeet kirjoitettiin niin, ettÀ mitÀÀn ei pidetty itsestÀÀnselvyytenÀ vaan maallikolle ymmÀrrettÀvÀllÀ kielellÀ. JatkokehittÀmisehdotuksena ohjeita tulisi pÀivittÀÀ tasaisin vÀliajoin tutkitun tiedon lisÀÀntyessÀ ja tarkentuessa. Jatkossa Muuramen Sykkeen ohjaajille voisi laittaa kyselyÀ ohjeiden tarpeellisuudesta sekÀ toimivuudesta
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