U. S. Trade in Tuna for Canning, 1987

U.S. tuna fleet activity, canned tuna processing, ex-vessel, wholesale and retail prices and imports in 1987 are described and compared to their counterparts in previous years. Industry statistics gathered from government agencies and industry contacts are presented in 14 figures and 8 tables. In 1987, U.S. tuna fisheries delivered 253,136 short tons (tons) of tuna to U.S. canneries. Domestic deliveries of albacore (white-meat) tuna were 2,836 tons, down 20 percent from 1986 levels. Domestic deliveries of tropical (light-meat) tuna (bigeye, blackfin, bluefin, skipjack, and yellowfin) were 251,000 tons, up 12 percent. Contract prices for tuna delivered by U. S. vessels to U. S. canneries increased dramatically in 1987. Depending on the size of fish in the delivery, ex-vessel prices of white-meat tuna increased as much as 27 percent, and prices of light-meat tuna increased as much as 47 percent. U. S. cannery receipts of imported and domestically caught raw frozen tuna for canning totaled 532,704 tons in 1987, up 2 percent from 1986 levels. U.S. cannery receipts of white-meat tuna were 104,197 tons, down 10 percent from 1986. Imports made up 97 percent of the total cannery supply. Total 1987 U. S. cannery receipts of raw, frozen light meat tuna were 428,507 tons, up 5 percent from 1986 levels. Imports made up 41 percent of the total cannery supply. The 1987 U.S. pack of canned tuna was 33.6 million standard cases, up 3 percent from 1986. The pack of white-meat tuna was 7.2 million standard cases, down 11 percent from 1986; the pack of light-meat tuna was 26.4 million standard cases, up 7 percent. U. S. imports of canned tuna in 1987 were 10.8 million standard cases, down 11 percent from 1986 levels, the first time in recent years that imports have declined. Per capita consumption of canned tuna in the United States was 3.5 pounds in 1987, down slightly from 1986. The retail composite price was $2.26 per pound, unchanged from 1986

An economic analysis of the long-run decision-making behavior of Oregon otter trawl fishermen

In the formulation of fisheries management plans required under the Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976 specific attention is paid to the "capacity" of domestic fishing vessels to harvest the predetermined optimum yield on an annual basis. Capacity is interpreted in this thesis as the technical harvesting potential of the fishing fleet over a specific period of time. In this context capacity reflects the size and composition of the fishing fleet of interest. The primary emphasis of this thesis was to identify economic, factors which affect harvesting capacity in the fishery. In this regard the long-run decision-making behavior of individual fishermen was of interest since the size and composition of the fleet, and hence harvesting capacity, is affected by specific choices made at the individual level. A theoretical analysis of the long-run decision making of individual fishermen was developed and was followed by an empirical application to a sample of fishermen who were active in the Oregon trawl fisheries during one or more of the years 1970-1975. The theoretical discussion initially centers upon those aspects of the fisherman's choices which detract from the application of a contemporary flexible accelerator type model to the analysis of fisherman decision behavior. Instead the logit approach was chosen to analyze discrete choice decisions that occur at the individual level in the Oregon trawl fisheries. Logit analysis is specifically designed to handle qualitative dependent variables and theoretically allows for the differences in decision rules among members of the decision-making population. In addition, the results of the logit analysis at the individual level can be extended to the population level to examine aggregate behavior of interest to fishery policy makers. The logit approach was applied to a number of individual decisions that affect technical capacity and the distribution of technical capacity in the Oregon trawl fisheries. The first logit model analyzed the decision of whether to leave or continue trawling. The next logit specification described the fisherman's choice of trawl fishery where the set of fishery alternatives in the Oregon case is comprised of the shrimp, groundfish and combination (groundfish and shrimp) fisheries. The last decision concerned the fisherman's choice of fishing vessel where vessels were classified according to gross tonnage and age. In general the analytical results reflect the simplicity of the initial specifications. Nonetheless, the potential of the logit approach for analyzing fisherman decision-making behavior was reasonably well demonstrated. Finally, several modifications and extensions of the preliminary work were discussed which, in the light of more specific data, would lead to a more complete, predictive and policy-oriented analysis of harvesting capacity in the fishery

Impact of Global Climate Change on Aquatic Resources and Food and Income Security of Fishing Dependent Populations

Climate change and climate-induced changes are expected to increase in the future and are likely to cause adverse impacts, especially on aquatic resources and coastal communities, by affecting the productivity and distribution of fish stocks. This will have serious implications on future demand and supply of fish at the global level with consequent effects on trade and on poor households in fishing communities that depend on fishing for consumption and income. However, documented studies on the economic analysis of the impacts of climate change on fisheries has been limited and fragmented. To address this gap, this paper consolidates existing knowledge and understanding related to the impacts of climate change on fisheries and coastal communities with a view of developing a research agenda that identifies priority research issues, provides a framework for collaborative research, and sets the future research direction based on the discussions arising from the “Consultation on the Impact of Global Climate Change on Aquatic Resources and Food and Income Security of Fishing Dependent Populations” held at the University of San Diego on August 24–25, 2005. Results of this study will provide a strong basis for formulating and prioritizing management strategies and policy options to better prepare and respond, as well as minimize the vulnerability of aquatic resources and the coastal population to the impacts of climate change

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

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The value of Pacific sardine as forage fish

This paper develops a simple bioeconomic model to investigate the economic and ecological issues associated with the commercial harvest of Pacific sardines relative to their value as forage for commercially, recreationally, and ecologically important predators in the California Current ecosystem. The model was used to evaluate how changes in the net per unit value of sardines, the net per unit value of sardine predators, and the transfer efficiency of predators affect the total net value of sardines, i.e. the net value of catches and the net value from sardine predation. Given recent market conditions for sardines and their commercial predators, and transfer efficiencies derived from predation data of the 1960s, it was found that the value of commercially caught predators and the efficiency by which they convert sardines to exploitable biomass were most important in determining the viability of the sardine fishery. The values assumed for predators that are not commercially caught were of no consequence under these conditions. Taking the value of sardines as forage into account does not necessarily mean an either-or situation for the fishery. As long as there is some measure of net value from the fishery and net value from predation, both benefit society at large.Pacific sardine Aquaculture Forage fish Ecosystem management Transfer efficiency California Current

The role of research in fisheries management: The conservation of dolphins in the eastern tropical pacific and the exploitation of southern bluefin tuna in the Southern Ocean

This article uses two case studies to assess the role of research in policy formation and fishery management. One study focuses on measures to limit the mortality of dolphins taken when tuna are harvested in the eastern tropical Pacific. The other studies measures taken to limit harvests of Southern Bluefin Tuna. Both of these fisheries involve fugitive resources and transboundary, resources spreading across both national exclusive economic zones and the high seas. Both fisheries were initially based on open access, but public policy has led to greater exclusive use through individual transferable quotas for Southern Bluefin Tuna and dolphin mortality limits. A number of policy conclusions are drawn

Access fees and economic benefits in the Western Pacific United States purse seine tuna fishery

Ideally, fees paid by distant water fishing nations for access to tuna resources in exclusive economic zones would approximate the net economic value of the tuna harvested, while leaving fishing operations profitable. This paper develops a linear programming approach to assess short-run profitability, optimum access fees and net economic benefits for US tropical tuna purse seiners operating under the South Pacific Tuna Treaty. Results suggest that there is potential for sizable short-run profits and net economic benefits after payment of an access fee equal to the imputed 'marginal value of the tuna harvested.access fees short-run profits western Pacific tuna