Protoindustrialización, industrialización y desindustrialización en la historia de México

1 archivo PDF (292 páginas)Conjunto de trabajos que lo mismo buscan identificar embriones de industrialización que apuntar los vaivenes de este proceso a lo largo del siglo XIX como abordar las políticas de fomento a la industrialización que la impulsan a lo largo de la primera mitad del siglo XX, así como el desmantelamiento industrial que se vive con una nueva fase de desarrollo con características neoliberales en un contexto de globalización que exige recuperar la memoria en el tiempo largo para sacar de ella nuevas alternativas de desarrollo y formas de organización productiva. En esta perspectiva, da cuenta de algunas experiencias protoindustriales e industriales en sectores que, en su momento, fueron claves para la economía de la colonia y posterionnente en el México Independiente: minería, textiles, azúcar, manufacturas así como las oportunidades que abre un nuevo orden económico signado por la informática

Risk factors and molecular mechanisms associated with trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Mexico

Abstract Purpose. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen causing an increasing number of nosocomial infections. Our aim was to evaluate the risk factors and mechanisms associated with trimethoprim– sulfamethoxazole (SXT) resistance in S. maltophilia infections in Mexico. Methodology. Clinical isolates and patients’ demographic and clinical data were collected from February 2007 to August 2015 in two tertiary-care hospitals in Mexico. Antimicrobial susceptibility and analysis of sul and SmeABC and SmeDEF efflux pump overexpression were performed in all isolates. Results/Key findings. In the 9-year period, 196 patients infected with S. maltophilia were identified. Most patients were male, and the mean age was 46.2years. The mean Charlson score was 1.42, and the most frequent comorbidities were arterial hypertension (26.7%), type 2 diabetes (21.2%) and cerebral infarction (11.6%). High drug resistance to meropenem (93.4%), gentamicin (55.1%), ceftazidime (52.3%), cefotaxime (51.5%), amikacin (42.3%) and cefepime (32.1%), and lower resistance to ciprofloxacin (26.0%), SXT (25.0%), chloramphenicol (14.3%) and levofloxacin (2.6%) were detected. SXT resistance was not associated with the sul genes. SmeABC overexpression was associated with gentamicin (P=0.001) and levofloxacin resistance (P=0.041), whereas SmeDEF overexpression was associated with ceftazidime resistance (P=0.003). Prolonged hospitalization (�15days) was an independent risk factor for SXT-resistant S. maltophilia infections (OR=3.05; 95%CI=1.12– 8.86; P=0.029). Conclusion. Given the high SXT resistance rate, SXT is not an effective first-line therapy for our patients; instead, levofloxacin could be used as an appropriate therapeutic option against S. maltophilia infections

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

The patient perspective: Quality of life in advanced heart failure with frequent hospitalisations

End of life is an unfortunate but inevitable phase of the heart failure patients' journey. It is often preceded by a stage in the progression of heart failure defined as advanced heart failure, and characterised by poor quality of life and frequent hospitalisations. In clinical practice, the efficacy of treatments for advanced heart failure is often assessed by parameters such as clinical status, haemodynamics, neurohormonal status, and echo/MRI indices. From the patients' perspective, however, quality-of-life-related parameters, such as functional capacity, exercise performance, psychological status, and frequency of re-hospitalisations, are more significant. The effects of therapies and interventions on these parameters are, however, underrepresented in clinical trials targeted to assess advanced heart failure treatment efficacy, and data are overall scarce. This is possibly due to a non-universal definition of the quality-of-life-related endpoints, and to the difficult standardisation of the data collection. These uncertainties also lead to difficulties in handling trade-off decisions between quality of life and survival by patients, families and healthcare providers. A panel of 34 experts in the field of cardiology and intensive cardiac care from 21 countries around the world convened for reviewing the existing data on quality-of-life in patients with advanced heart failure, discussing and reaching a consensus on the validity and significance of quality-of-life assessment methods. Gaps in routine care and research, which should be addressed, were identified. Finally, published data on the effects of current i.v. vasoactive therapies such as inotropes, inodilators, and vasodilators on quality-of-life in advanced heart failure patients were analysed. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd

Composition and diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) along an atmospheric pollution gradient in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area, Mexico

Se seleccionó la licencia Creative Commons para este envío. El documento trae lo siguiente: Copyright Edmar Meléndez-Jaramillo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.(En caso de duda consultar a Meilyn Garro).This study compares the variation of richness, abundance and diversity of butterfly species along an atmospheric pollution gradient and during different seasons in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area, Mexico. Likewise, we analyse the influence of environmental variables on the abundance and richness of butterfly species and quantify the indicator species for each atmospheric pollution category. Based on spatial analysis of the main atmospheric pollutants and the vegetation cover conditions, four permanent sampling sites were delimited. The sampling was carried out monthly in each of the sites using aerial entomological nets and ten Van Someren-Rydon traps during May 2018 to April 2019. A total of 8,570 specimens belong-ing to six families and 209 species were collected. Both species richness and abundance were significantly different between all sites, except for the comparison between the moderate contamination site and the high contamination site; diversity decreased significantly with increasing levels of contamination. The sea-sonality effect was absent on species richness; however, for species abundance the differences between dry season and rainy season were significant in each site excepting the moderate contamination site. Regard-ing diversity, the seasonal effect showed different distribution patterns according to each order. Relative humidity, vegetation cover and three pollution variables were highly correlated with both abundance and species richness. From the total number of species found, only 47 had a significant indicator value. This study constitutes the first faunistic contribution of butterflies as indicators of the environmental quality of urban areas in Mexico, which will help in the development of strategies for the management, planning and conservation of urban biodiversity.Universidad Nacional, Costa RicaUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México.Tecnológico Nacional de México Campus Cd. Victoria, México.Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestr

Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma: A Diagnostic Challenge

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) accounts for 15-20% of all peripheral T-cell lymphomas. It is a rare subtype of CD4 T-cell peripheral lymphoma that affects aged individuals, causing B symptoms, generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Its pathogenesis is still unclear, but in some cases it has been associated with infection, allergic reaction or drug exposure. The majority of patients are diagnosed in an advanced stage and anthracycline based regimen is considered the first-line therapy. Skin involvement is not well characterized, occurring in up to 50% of patients and presenting as nonspecific rash, macules, papules, petechiae, purpura, nodules and urticaria. We present the illustrative case of a 55-year-old woman with an AITL who presented prominent skin findings, arthritis, lymphadenopathy and hypereosinophilia. Skin biopsy reported a T-cell lymphoma and the diagnosis of AITL was confirmed by an axillary lymph node biopsy, which was also positive for Epstein-Barr virus. Chemotherapy with CHOP-21 and thalidomide was given, accomplishing complete remission after six cycles