Diseño de instrumento de investigación para la identificación de las variables en el sector formal e informal de la economía

Diseñar y elaborar un instrumento de investigación que permita facilitar la labor de análisis y creación de teoría, referenciado por el tema de la tesis doctoral del profesor Rafael Cárdenas que pretende establecer la asociatividad que pueden llegar a generarse en los sectores de la economía que presentan un alto grado de informalida

Diseño de instrumento de investigación para la identificación de las variables en el sector formal e informal de la economía

Diseñar y elaborar un instrumento de investigación que permita facilitar la labor de análisis y creación de teoría, referenciado por el tema de la tesis doctoral del profesor Rafael Cárdenas que pretende establecer la asociatividad que pueden llegar a generarse en los sectores de la economía que presentan un alto grado de informalida

AUTOCUIDADO EN DIABETES GESTACIONAL: ASOCIACIÓN CON FACTORES CLÍNICOS Y SOCIOECONÓMICOS

Describir  el autocuidado de un grupo de mujeres con diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) que  reciben tratamiento médico y dietoterapia y su relación con  algunos factores demográficos y socioeconómicos. Estudio transversal y descriptivo, realizado en 2009. Se invitó a mujeres asistentes a consulta prenatal del Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, con embarazo entre las semanas 30 a 34 de gestación, con DMG y que tenían por lo menos tres semanas con dieta indicada en el Instituto. El autocuidado fue evaluado a través de la adherencia al tratamiento dietético; automonitoreo capilar y actividad física. Se calcularon medidas de dispersión y tendencia central, ji cuadrada de Pearson  y T de Student. Participaron 30 embarazadas, de ellas, el 87% presentaron sobrepeso u obesidad pregestacional. La adherencia a la dieta fue de 81%, a la actividad física 66% y al automonitoreo 3%. El 83% tenían familiar con antecedentes de diabetes mellitus. Del 23% de mujeres con DMG, 57% de ellas realizó un autocuidado malo. Mujeres sin antecedentes de DMG realizaron más ejercicio físico que las que tenían antecedentes (p=0.053), ellas mismas obtuvieron puntaje más alto en autocuidado. El 60% de participantes que vivía cerca del Instituto llevó  autocuidado malo. Las embarazadas sin antecedentes de DMG obtuvieron en general mejor autocuidado  que las mujeres con antecedentes y mostraron una mayor tendencia a realizar actividad física. Las gestantes que vivían más lejos del Instituto, mostraron mejor autocuidado. Aunque hubo alto porcentaje de adherencia a la dieta, la práctica del automonitoreo de glucosa capilar fue muy poco común. Abstract To describe self-care behaviors of a group of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) receiving medical treatment and diet therapy and its relationship with demographic and socioeconomic factors. Cross-sectional study conducted in 2009. Women were invited to participate in the outpatient prenatal care at the National Institute of Perinatology, if they were pregnant (30-34 weeks of gestation), were diagnosed with GDM and had at least three weeks with a prescribed diet. Dietary, physical activity, self-monitoring of capillary glucose behaviors and prenatal visits were assessed with a specific questionnaire. .Descriptive statistics, Chi square test, Pearson correlation and Student t-test were used for analysis. A total of 30 pregnant women participated in the study; 87% were overweight or obese before pregnancy. Diet adherence was 81%, physical activity 66% and capillary glucose self monitoring was 3%. Most women (83%) had familiar history of diabetes mellitus and 23% had personal history of GDM. More than half of the women with history of GDM (57%) were classified as having inadequate self-care behaviors. Women without history of GDM reported to do more exercise than those with previous GDM (p=0.053), and obtained the highest score in self-care behaviors. Living near the hospital (60% of women) was related with worse self care behaviors. Women without personal history of GDM showed better self-care behaviors than women with previous GDM, with higher levels of exercise. Even though, diet adherence was acceptable, capillary glucose self-monitoring was not a common behavior in this group of women. Palabras clave: Embarazo, diabetes gestacional, autocuidado, adherenci

Diagnóstico De Factores Conductuales Para El Trabajo En Equipo Con Estudiantes Universitarios

Teamwork is a temporary activity that takes place within organizations in order to perform sophisticated tasks. The behavior of the individuals that make up the team can positively or negatively affect the results obtained from them. Freud (1973) and later David McClelland (1989) attributed five (5) dimensions to human behavior: personality, values, culture, motivations, knowledge, and skills. Recent studies have deepened these aspects. This was done individually and based on different environments that relates to the field of higher education. The importance of teamwork has become prevalent in the world of work. This was despite the fact that this competence does not develop significantly in university education. This paper focuses on the development of a behavioral diagnostic instrument for teamwork based on ad hoc research and with the support of experts in organizational psychology, as well as the coherence of the instrument designed from the correlation of the items by categories of the five dimensions. This instrument was developed and validated to be reliable and applicable to university students. This was done in order to determine their behavioral profile which allows the designing strategies that helps to strengthen teamwork in classrooms

Implementación de algoritmos de inteligencia artificial para la identificación de pacientes diabéticos utilizando los niveles de lípidos en sangre

In recent years the leading cause of death in Mexico is linked to multifactorial diseases, of which diabetes ranks second, only below heart disease, both related to high cholesterol levels and triglycerides in blood. Objective: Classify patients with diabetes using artificial intelligence algorithms previously trained with total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglyceride levels. Materials and methods: Descriptors related to blood lipids belong to the Centro Médico Siglo XXI, composed of a sample of 1019. They are considered: Total Cholesterol Levels, HDL, LDH and Triglycerides. The proposed methodology consists of two main stages: training of artificial intelligence algorithms, in which black box models are developed to look for the relationship of the determinants mentioned and the suffering of diabetes in the subjects (presence = 1, absence = 0), and a second stage for the validation of the algorithms, using as a metric the sensitivity and specificity of the algorithms by means of the ROC curve and the area under the curve (AUC). Results: Logistic regression models, decision trees and support vector machine, acquire a value of 0.613 to 0.727 of AUC, being statistically significant for the automatic detection of diabetic patients. Conclusions: The implementation of Artificial Intelligence algorithms, allow the identification of patients with diabetes using blood lipid metrics, for a computer-aided diagnosis.En los últimos años la principal causa de muerte en México está relacionada con enfermedades multifactoriales, de las cuales, la diabetes ocupa el segundo lugar, solo por debajo de enfermedades de corazón, ambas relacionadas con altos niveles de colesterol y triglicéridos en sangre. Objetivo: Clasificar pacientes con diabetes utilizando algoritmos de inteligencia artificial entrenados previamente con los niveles de colesterol total, HDL, LDH y triglicéridos. Materiales y métodos: Los descriptores relacionados con los lípidos en sangre pertenecen el Centro Médico Siglo XXI, compuesta por una muestra de 1019. Se consideran: Niveles de colesterol total, HDL, LDH y triglicéridos. La metodología propuesta consiste en dos etapas principales: entrenamiento de algoritmos de inteligencia artificial, en la cual se desarrollan modelos de caja negra para buscar la relación de los determinantes mencionados y el padecimiento de diabetes en los sujetos (padecimiento = 1, ausencia = 0), y una segunda etapa para la validación de los algoritmos, utilizando como métrica la sensitividad y especificidad de los mismos mediante la curva ROC y el área bajo la curva (AUC). Resultados: los modelos de regresión logística, árboles de decisión y máquina de soporte vectorial, adquieren un valor de 0.613 hasta 0.727 de AUC, siendo estadísticamente significativos para la detección automática de pacientes diabéticos. Conclusiones: La implementación de algoritmos de Inteligencia artificial, permiten la identificación de pacientes con diabetes utilizando las métricas de lípidos en sangre, para un diagnóstico asistido por computadora

Probiotics and Prebiotics as a Therapeutic Strategy to Improve Memory in a Model of Middle-Aged Rats

Aging is associated with morphological, physiological and metabolic changes, leading to multiorgan degenerative pathologies, such as cognitive function decline. It has been suggested that memory loss also involves a decrease in neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In recent years, microbiota has been proposed as an essential player in brain development, as it is believed to activate BDNF secretion through butyrate production. Thus, microbiota modulation by supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics may impact cognitive decline. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotics and prebiotics supplementation on the memory of middle-aged rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomized in four groups (n = 13 per group): control (water), probiotic (E. faecium), prebiotic (agave inulin), symbiotic (E. faecium + inulin), which were administered for 5 weeks by oral gavage. Spatial and associative memory was analyzed using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Pavlovian autoshaping tests, respectively. Hippocampus was obtained to analyze cytokines [interleukin (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)], BDNF and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Butyrate concentrations were also evaluated in feces. The symbiotic group showed a significantly better performance in MWM (p < 0.01), but not in Pavlovian autoshaping test. It also showed significantly lower concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.01) and the reduction in IL-1β correlated with a better performance of the symbiotic group in MWM (p < 0.05). Symbiotic group also showed the highest BDNF and butyrate levels (p < 0.0001). Finally, we compared the electrophysiological responses of control (n = 8) and symbiotic (n = 8) groups. Passive properties of CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs) exhibited changes in response to the symbiotic treatment. Likewise, this group showed an increase in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA)/AMPA ratio and exhibited robust long-term potentiation (LTP; p < 0.01). Integrated results suggest that symbiotics could improve age-related impaired memory

Compromising between European and US allergen immunotherapy schools: Discussions from GUIMIT, the Mexican immunotherapy guidelines

Background: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has a longstanding history and still remains the only disease-changing treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma. Over the years 2 different schools have developed their strategies: the United States (US) and the European. Allergen extracts available in these regions are adapted to local practice. In other parts of the world, extracts from both regions and local ones are commercialized, as in Mexico. Here, local experts developed a national AIT guideline (GUIMIT 2019) searching for compromises between both schools. Methods: Using ADAPTE methodology for transculturizing guidelines and AGREE-II for evaluating guideline quality, GUIMIT selected 3 high-quality Main Reference Guidelines (MRGs): the European Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (EAACI) guideines, the S2k guideline of various German-speaking medical societies (2014), and the US Practice Parameters on Allergen Immunotherapy 2011. We formulated clinical questions and based responses on the fused evidence available in the MRGs, combined with local possibilities, patient's preference, and costs. We came across several issues on which the MRGs disagreed. These are presented here along with arguments of GUIMIT members to resolve them. GUIMIT (for a complete English version, see Supplementary data) concluded the following: Results: Related to the diagnosis of IgE-mediated respiratory allergy, apart from skin prick testing complementary tests (challenges, in vitro testing and molecular such as species-specific allergens) might be useful in selected cases to inform AIT composition. AIT is indicated in allergic rhinitis and suggested in allergic asthma (once controlled) and IgE-mediated atopic dermatitis. Concerning the correct subcutaneous AIT dose for compounding vials according to the US school: dosing tables and formula are given; up to 4 non-related allergens can be mixed, refraining from mixing high with low protease extracts. When using European extracts: the manufacturer's indications should be followed; in multi-allergic patients 2 simultaneous injections can be given (100% consensus); mixing is discouraged. In Mexico only allergoid tablets are available; based on doses used in all sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) publications referenced in MRGs, GUIMIT suggests a probable effective dose related to subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) might be: 50–200% of the monthly SCIT dose given daily, maximum mixing 4 allergens. Also, a table with practical suggestions on non-evidence-existing issues, developed with a simplified Delphi method, is added. Finally, dissemination and implementation of guidelines is briefly discussed, explaining how we used online tools for this in Mexico. Conclusions: Countries where European and American AIT extracts are available should adjust AIT according to which school is followed

IKZF1plus is a frequent biomarker of adverse prognosis in Mexican pediatric patients with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia

BackgroundRecurrent genetic alterations contributing to leukemogenesis have been identified in pediatric B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL), and some are useful for refining classification, prognosis, and treatment selection. IKZF1plus is a complex biomarker associated with a poor prognosis. It is characterized by IKZF1 deletion coexisting with PAX5, CDKN2A/2B, or PAR1 region deletions. The mutational spectrum and clinical impact of these alterations have scarcely been explored in Mexican pediatric patients with B-ALL. Here, we report the frequency of the IKZF1plus profile and the mutational spectrum of IKZF1, PAX5, CDKN2A/2B, and ERG genes and evaluate their impact on overall survival (OS) in a group of patients with B-ALL.MethodsA total of 206 pediatric patients with de novo B-ALL were included. DNA was obtained from bone marrow samples at diagnosis before treatment initiation. A custom-designed next-generation sequencing panel was used for mutational analysis. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used for OS estimation.ResultsWe identified the IKZF1plus profile in 21.8% of patients, which was higher than that previously reported in other studies. A significantly older age (p=0.04), a trend toward high-risk stratification (p=0.06), and a decrease in 5-year Overall Survival (OS) (p=0.009) were observed, although heterogeneous treatment protocols in our cohort would have impacted OS. A mutation frequency higher than that reported was found for IKZF1 (35.9%) and CDKN2A/2B (35.9%) but lower for PAX5 (26.6%). IKZF1MUT group was older at diagnosis (p=0.0002), and most of them were classified as high-risk (73.8%, p=0.02), while patients with CDKN2A/2BMUT had a higher leukocyte count (p=0.01) and a tendency toward a higher percentage of blasts (98.6%, >50% blasts, p=0.05) than the non-mutated patients. A decrease in OS was found in IKZF1MUT and CDKN2A/2BMUT patients, but the significance was lost after IKZF1plus was removed.DiscussionOur findings demonstrated that Mexican patients with B-ALL have a higher prevalence of genetic markers associated with poor outcomes. Incorporating genomic methodologies into the diagnostic process, a significant unmet need in low- and mid-income countries, will allow a comprehensive identification of relevant alterations, improving disease classification, treatment selection, and the general outcome

Ciencia Odontológica 2.0

Libro que muestra avances de la Investigación Odontológica en MéxicoEs para los integrantes de la Red de Investigación en Estomatología (RIE) una enorme alegría presentar el segundo de una serie de 6 libros sobre casos clínicos, revisiones de la literatura e investigaciones. La RIE está integrada por cuerpos académicos de la UAEH, UAEM, UAC y UdeG