Cooperativa agrícola de pequeños productores en la reserva del Merendón, San Pedro Sula, Honduras

El siguiente trabajo consiste en formar y estructurar una cooperativa agrícola en una Zona de Reserva muy cercana a la segunda ciudad más grande de Honduras (San Pedro Sula). Debido a los precios tan bajos que reciben los agricultores por la venta de productos en la ciudad, todo ello provocado entre otros factores por la independencia entre productores y la poca fuerza que pueden ejercer en el mercado, se crea la necesidad de actuar en conjunto. Para ello se forma la cooperativa COME (Cooperativa del Merendón) solo a 30 km de San Pedro Sula. Para realizar el proyecto se hicieron grupos de trabajo entre agricultores, entrevistas, visitas a sus parcelas, visitas a otras cooperativas y reuniones en la municipalidad, compras en los mercados locales y entrevistas en cuatro supermercados de la ciudad. Se ha diseñado la estrategia de la cooperativa, incluida la marca y logotipo, la política de ventas y las necesidades de producción. El presupuesto es de cien mil euros y el volumen de negocio de algo más de 125.000 euros anuales. Además de conseguir trabajo para las 32 familias involucradas se generaría empleo para 18 personas

Representaciones sociales sobre la resolución de conflicto entre las mujeres en la unidad doméstica

This research aimed to understand the social representations of the resolution of conflict in the household by mothers and daughters. The sample was constituted by four single mothers and four adolescents. On the other hand, qualitative techniques were applied in order to provide the desired information. In analyzing the results, it was found that after breaking up with the couple, mothers began to play new roles. One of them was the struggling mother, characterized by assuming financial responsibility for her family. Besides, daughters assumed the role of daughter in charge of home because of the conflicts that have taken place at home. It must be taken into account that instrumental or hostile aggression emerge to solve conflict to fulfill the role. Through this study, it was intended to understand the whole conflict and its importance for the family dynamics. So, it would be possible to establish intervention strategies which fit the population needs

Strategic planning for community sustainability in model forests: Case study of the Yoro model forest, Honduras

El estudio plantea una planificación estratégica de desarrollo en los Bosques Modelo a partir del estudio del caso del Bosque Modelo de Yoro, en Honduras, en donde el sector de la industria maderera y en concreto el subsector de carpintería y mueble, parece tener más ventajas competitivas para producir productos de exportación que generen riqueza en la zona, dada la escasa capacidad de compra de la región. A este subsector se le realiza un Análisis estratégico, una Elección estratégica y una Implementación estratégica determinando que el desarrollo del subsector podría pasar por crear una cooperativa capaz de suministrar partes de muebles a una empresa de carácter internacional que tenga como estrategia comercial la venta de muebles naturales, ecológicos y que esté comprometida socialment

Comparação histórica de reportes de casos de leishmania visceral em humanos e cães segundo o enfoque de saúde única: revisão sistemática

One of the zoonoses of great impact is the visceral Leishmaniasis caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum, transmitted by the infected hematophagous female vector called Lutzomyia longipalpis, the main reservoir being the domestic dog, considered a forgotten tropical pathology in 98 countries worldwide, especially in Colombia since its first cases in humans and dogs. The objective of the work was to develop a systematic review of the literature about the epidemiological behavior of Visceral Leishmaniasis over the years in Colombia, using three recognized databases (Academic Google, PubMed and Dialnet) as well as the Mendeley and Other bibliographic sources, initially 180,610 documents were found, of which 21,673 duplicates were eliminated, leaving 158,937 studies remaining, later a third selection of 11,127 articles was made and finally 126 selected articles cover the topics of interest. The distribution of cases of the disease ranges from the Magdalena River Valley such as Huila, Tolima to the departments of Sucre and Córdoba with a high frequency, it is also highlighted that in canines the data on the occurrence are not updated due to the lack of studies. In conclusion, visceral Leishmaniasis is considered an epidemiological and public health problem due to the contact between the main reservoir and man. In Colombia over the years it has been found that the data on reports in humans has been developed without interruptions in the areas of greatest risk (Sucre, Córdoba, Santander, Tolima, Huila) while in canines the search and notification has not been specific and even incomplete, presenting limitations at the time of determining the current occurrence of the disease, therefore It is therefore essential to strengthen surveillance systems to generate truthful information on cases depending directly on the knowledge of VL by veterinarians and responsible entities.Una de las zoonosis de gran impacto es la Leishmaniasis visceral causada por el parásito protozoario Leishmania infantum, transmitida por el vector hembra hematófaga infectada denominada Lutzomyia longipalpis siendo el principal reservorio el perro doméstico, considerada una patología tropical olvidada en 98 países a nivel mundial especialmente en Colombia desde sus primeros casos en humanos y caninos. El objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar una revisión sistemática de literatura acerca del comportamiento epidemiológico de Leishmaniasis Visceral con el transcurso de los años en Colombia, utilizando tres bases de datos reconocidas (Google Académico, PubMed y Dialnet) así como el gestor de referencias bibliográficas Mendeley y otras fuentes bibliográficas, inicialmente se encontraron 180.610 documentos de los cuales 21.673 duplicados se eliminaron, dejando 158.937 estudios restantes, posteriormente se realizó una tercera selección de 11.127 artículos y por último 126 artículos seleccionados abarcan las temáticas de interés. La distribución de los casos de la enfermedad van desde el Valle del río magdalena como Huila, Tolima hasta los departamentos de Sucre y Córdoba con una alta frecuencia, además se resalta que en los caninos los datos sobre la ocurrencia no son actualizados por la falta de estudios. En conclusión, la Leishmaniasis visceral se considera un problema epidemiológico y de Salud pública debido al contacto entre el principal reservorio y el hombre. En Colombia a través de los años se ha encontrado que los datos sobre los reportes en los humanos se ha desarrollado sin interrupciones en las zonas de mayor riesgo (Sucre, Córdoba, Santander, Tolima, Huila) mientras que en los caninos la búsqueda y notificación no ha sido específica e incluso incompleta presentándose limitaciones en el momento de determinar la ocurrencia actual de la enfermedad, por lo tanto es fundamental fortalecer los sistemas de vigilancia para generar información verídica sobre los casos dependiendo directamente del conocimiento de la LV por parte de los veterinarios y entes responsables.Introdução: Uma das zoonoses de importância na saúde pública é Leishmaniasis causada por o parasita protozoário Leishmania infantum, transmitido por o vetor Lutztomyia longipalpis, sendo seu reservorio do canino doméstico.Metodologia: Se realizo uma revisão sistemática sobre leishmaniasis visceral canina na Colombia, usando três fontes (Google Scholar, PubMed and Dialnet), assim como o gestor de referência Mendeley, entre outros. Encontrou-se 180.610 arquivos, dos quais excluíram-se 21.673 duplicados, mantendo 158.937, dos quais 126 falavam da temática estudada, selecionado 51.Resultados: segundo a literatura estudada na colombia, a traves dos anos os casos humanos têm sido reportados sem interrupção, apresentando zonas com maior risco como os estados Sucre, Córdoba, Santander, Tolima e Huila, enquanto isso, os reportes em caninos não tem sido adequado, estando desatualizados, não apresenta a ocorrência atual da doença, dos estados com maior notificação são: Valle del río Magdalena, Huila, Tolima, Sucre e Córdoba.Conclusão: é fundamental fortalecer os sistemas de vigilância sanitária epidemiológica e ambiental, para gerar informação sobre o estado atual da ocorrência dos casos humanos ou animais, sendo necessário ter um conhecimento sobre Leishmaniasis Visceral adequado dos profissionais da saúde, médicos humanos e veterinários e agentes de vigilância

Pixel-Wise Recognition for Holistic Surgical Scene Understanding

This paper presents the Holistic and Multi-Granular Surgical Scene Understanding of Prostatectomies (GraSP) dataset, a curated benchmark that models surgical scene understanding as a hierarchy of complementary tasks with varying levels of granularity. Our approach enables a multi-level comprehension of surgical activities, encompassing long-term tasks such as surgical phases and steps recognition and short-term tasks including surgical instrument segmentation and atomic visual actions detection. To exploit our proposed benchmark, we introduce the Transformers for Actions, Phases, Steps, and Instrument Segmentation (TAPIS) model, a general architecture that combines a global video feature extractor with localized region proposals from an instrument segmentation model to tackle the multi-granularity of our benchmark. Through extensive experimentation, we demonstrate the impact of including segmentation annotations in short-term recognition tasks, highlight the varying granularity requirements of each task, and establish TAPIS's superiority over previously proposed baselines and conventional CNN-based models. Additionally, we validate the robustness of our method across multiple public benchmarks, confirming the reliability and applicability of our dataset. This work represents a significant step forward in Endoscopic Vision, offering a novel and comprehensive framework for future research towards a holistic understanding of surgical procedures.Comment: Preprint submitted to Medical Image Analysis. Official extension of previous MICCAI 2022 (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-16449-1_42) and ISBI 2023 (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10230819) orals. Data and codes are available at https://github.com/BCV-Uniandes/GraS

Carbon remineralization by small mesopelagic and bathypelagic Stomiiforms in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean

The organic carbon resulting from photosynthesis in the upper ocean is transferred downward through the passive sinking of organic particles, physical mixing of particulate and dissolved organic carbon as well as active flux transported by zooplanktonic and micronektonic migrants. Several meso- and bathypelagic organisms feed in shallower layers during the nighttime and respire, defecate, excrete and die at depth. Recent studies suggest that migrant micronekton transport similar amounts of carbon to migrant zooplankton. However, there is scarce information about biomass and carbon flux by non-migratory species in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. The non-migratory bristlemouth fishes (Cyclothone spp.) and partial migrator (A. hemigymnus) remineralise organic carbon at depth, and knowledge about this process by this fauna is lacking despite them having been referred to as the most abundant vertebrates on Earth. Here we show the vertical distribution of biomass and respiration of non-migratory mesopelagic fishes, during day and night, using the enzymatic activity of the electron transfer system (ETS) as a proxy for respiration rates. The study is focused on five Cyclothone species (C. braueri, C. pseudopallida, C. pallida, C. livida and C. microdon) and Argyropelecus hemigymnus. The samples were taken on a transect from the oceanic upwelling off Northwest Africa (20° N, 20° W) to the south of Iceland (60° N, 20° W). Cyclothone spp. showed, by far, the largest biomass (126.90 ± 86.20 mg C·m⁻²) compared to A. hemigymnus (0.54 ± 0.44 mg C·m⁻²). The highest concentrations of Cyclothone spp. in the water column were observed between 400 and 600 m and from 1000 to 1500 m depths, both during day and night. For the different species analysed, ETS activity did not show significant differences between diurnal and nocturnal periods. The total average specific respiration of Cyclothone spp. (0.02 ± 0.01 d⁻¹) was lower than that observed for A. hemigymnus (0.05±0.02 d⁻¹). The average carbon respiration of Cyclothone spp. was 2.22 ± 0.81 mg C·m⁻²·d⁻¹, while it was much lower for A. hemigymnus (0.04 ± 0.03 mg C·m⁻²·d⁻¹). The respiration of Cyclothone spp. was lower in the bathypelagic than in the mesopelagic zone (0.84 ± 0.48 vs 1.36 ± 1.01 mg C·m⁻²·d⁻¹, respectively). These results, to our knowledge, provide the first account of remineralisation by this community in the meso and bathypelagic zones of the ocean.En prens

Low genetic diversity of the only clade of the tick rhipicephalus microplus in the neotropics

This study addresses the variability of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rDNA (16S), and nuclear internal transcriber spacer ITS2 (ITS2) genes in a set of field-collected samples of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888), and in geo-referenced sequences obtained from GenBank. Since the tick is currently considered to be a complex of cryptic taxa in several regions of the world, the main aims of the study are (i) to provide evidence of the clades of the tick present in the Neotropics, (ii) to explore if there is an effect of climate traits on the divergence rates of the target genes, and (iii) to check for a relationship between geographical and genetic distance among populations (the closest, the most similar, meaning for slow spread). We included published sequences of Rhipicephalus annulatus (Nearctic, Afrotropical, and Mediterranean) and R. microplus (Afrotropical, Indomalayan) to fully characterize the Neotropical populations (total: 74 16S, 44 COI, and 49 ITS2 sequences included in the analysis). Only the clade A of R. microplus spread in the Nearctic–Neotropics. Both the K and Lambda’s statistics, two measures of phylogenetic signal, support low divergence rates of the tested genes in populations of R. microplus in the Neotropics. These tests demonstrate that genetic diversity of the continental populations does not correlate either with the geographic distance among samples or with environmental variables. The low variability of these genes may be due to a combination of factors like (i) the recent introduction of the tick in the Neotropics, (ii) a large, effective, and fast exchange of populations, and (iii) a low effect of climate on the evolution rates of the target genes. These results have implications for the ecological studies and control of cattle tick infestations

Swimbladder properties of Cyclothone spp. in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Western Mediterranean Sea

Non-migratory bristlemouth fishes (Cyclothone spp.) are the most abundant vertebrates on Earth and play an important role in the biological carbon pump by remineralizing organic carbon in deep ecosystems. Acoustic data and net sampling are often used in combination to estimate fish and zooplankton biomass, but this procedure may be subject to several sources of error when applied to mesopelagic species. For instance, the allocation of echoes to species has often been biased by not considering Cyclothone spp. due to the use of nets targeting larger fish. Furthermore, the acoustic properties of the target organisms must be well understood to convert acoustic density into numerical density. The characteristics of a fish’s swimbladder are the most relevant features necessary to assess its acoustic properties. This study provides information on the swimbladder properties of six Cyclothone species inhabiting the meso- and bathypelagic layers in the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, including swimbladder location within the body, fat tissue content, morphology, morphometry (only available for C. braueri and C. pseudopallida), and fish body-mass density (only available for C. braueri, C. pseudopallida, C. pallida, and C. pygmaea). The studied species showed a functional physoclistous swimbladder, with well-developed gas glands and rete mirabile and numerous capillaries in the case of the shallower species C. braueri and C. pseudopallida (mainly distributed from 400 to 600 m depth), and a fat-invested swimbladder in species with deeper vertical distribution (C. livida, C. microdon, C. pallida, and C. pygmaea). The fat content in the swimbladder (C. pallida and C. microdon) increased with depth and latitude, reducing the space in the swimbladder that could contain gas. Changes in swimbladder size and volume during growth were analyzed for shallower species, where swimbladder volume and equivalent radius followed negative allometric growth in relation to body length. Finally, values of body-mass density (ρ) and gas content required for neutral buoyancy (VG) were estimated for C. braueri and C. pygmaea collected between 350 and 550 m (ρ = 1.052–1.072 g·cm−3, VG = 2%–4%; ρ = 1.052–1.062 g·cm−3, VG = 3.6%), and for C. pallida and C. pseudopallida sampled in the 450–700 m layer (ρ = 1.052–1.062 g·cm−3, VG = 2.6–3.1%; ρ = 1.052–1.062 g·cm−3, VG = 2.8%–3.25%). Results in this study highlight the change in scattering behavior of Cyclothone species from gas-bearing organisms (those that contain gas in their swimbladder) in the upper mesopelagic zone to the fluid-like scattering (with fat-filled swimbladders) of the deeper and northern individuals. The data presented in this manuscript are important for parametrizing acoustic backscattering models built to estimate the echo of Cyclothone species, although further work is needed, particularly for individuals with partially invested swimbladders with an irregular fat-free shape

Active flux seasonality of the small dominant migratory crustaceans and mesopelagic fishes in the Gulf of California during June and October

The biological carbon pump is the process that transports carbon vertically out of the mixed layer in the ocean. Besides the sinking flux of organic particles, active flux due to the daily vertical migration of zooplankton and micronekton promotes a significant carbon transport not fully accounted for or understood in the world’s oceans. The diversity and abundance of epipelagic and mesopelagic species in the Gulf of California has been extensively studied, but the role of micronekton in carbon export has not yet been investigated. We studied the carbon flux promoted by juvenile and adult mesopelagic fishes and crustaceans (Decapoda and Euphausiidae) during the transition from the cold to warm period (June) and the onset of the warm season (October) in 2018. We provide the first estimation of migrant biomass and respiratory flux of the most abundant migratory species of mesopelagic fishes, decapods and euphausiids in the Gulf of California. The micronekton species collected accounted for a large biomass of mesopelagic fishes and pelagic crustaceans. The average migrant biomass estimates were 151.5 ± 101.2 mg C·m−2 during June and 90.9 ± 75.3 mg C·m−2 during October. The enzymatic activity of the electron transfer system (ETS) was measured as an estimate of their respiratory rates. Average specific ETS activity was significantly different between fishes and decapods, and between fishes and euphausiids (p < 0.05). The respiratory flux of fishes was predominant in the Gulf of California, followed by pelagic decapods and euphausiids. Seasonal changes in respiratory flux were observed for fishes (June: 6.1 ± 1.5 mg C·m−2·d−1; October: 3.2 ± 1.8 mg C·m−2·d−1) and decapods (June: 0.4 mg C·m−2·d−1; October: 0.7 ± 0.05 mg C·m−2·d−1). Respiratory flux estimation by crustaceans (decapods and euphausiids) and fishes together was 6.86 mg C·m−2·d−1 during June, and 4.21 mg C·m−2·d−1 during October 2018, suggesting a functional role of this large micronektonic fauna in the biological carbon export in this region.3,26

Aphid diversity and population fluctuation of vector species of the ringspot virus in papaya (Carica papaya L.)

Objective: The objective of the research was to compare the diversity of winged aphids in papaya cultivation and determine the population fluctuation of vector species of ringspot. Design/methodology/approach: The capture of winged aphids was carried out by placing eight Moerick-type water traps, four green and four yellow. Weekly samplings were carried out to locate the plants with symptoms of the disease and to record the abundance of the vector species of PRSV, as well as the progress of the disease. Results: A total of 694 individuals belonging to 20 species were collected, of which seven species were captured with green traps and 19 species with yellow traps. The highest diversity value was recorded in the green traps; however, the yellow traps captured the highest richness. Of the captured aphids, six are reported as transmitters of PRSV. When analyzing the population fluctuation of the vector species, it was determined that A. spiraecola presented two population spikes during the study, the first was at week three capturing 93 individuals and the highest peak at week ten with 316. The presence of PRSV was recorded in the seventh week of sampling with nine diseased plants, reaching 100% contagion in week 44. Limitations on study/implications: The correct choice of methods for the capture and monitoring of insect populations in agricultural crops is of vital importance, since the development of prevention and control strategies for pest species and disease vectors depends on this. Findings/conclusions: It can be inferred that the vector species perform small migrations within the plantation, which can be supported by the increase in the number of diseased plants. Keywords: Aphids, cultivation, disease, insects, virus.Objective: To examine the diversity of winged aphids in papaya (Carica papaya L.) crops and to determine the population fluctuation of vector species of the papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). Design/Methodology/Approach: We captured winged aphids by placing eight Moericke-type water traps (four green and four yellow). We conducted weekly samplings to locate plants with ringspot symptoms, record the abundance of vector species of PRSV, and document the progress of the disease. Results: We collected a total of n=694 individuals of 20 species, seven of which fell in the green traps and 19 in the yellow traps. The green traps registered the highest diversity value; however, the yellow traps captured the largest richness. Six of the captured aphids are reported as PRSV transmitters. The analysis of the population fluctuation of the vector species determined that A. spiraecola recorded two population peaks during the study: the first at week three, with 93 captured individuals; and the second (and highest) at week ten, with 316 individuals. PRSV was observed in the week seven in nine diseased plants. Full contagion (100%) was reached by week 44. Study Limitations/Implications: Developing strategies for preventing and controlling pest species and disease vectors crucially depends on the correct choice of methods to capture and monitor insect populations in crops. Findings/Conclusions: We can infer that vector species conduct short-distance migrations within the plantation. This inference is supported by the increased number of diseased plants