From Tetrahedral Tetraphosphonic Acids E[p-C6H4P(O)(OH)(2)](4) (E=C, Si) to Porous Cu- and Zn-MOFs with Large Surface Areas

This study describes the porous MOFs Cu2H4STPPA⋅2 H2O (1⋅2 H2O), Zn2H4STPPA (2) and Zn2H4MTPPA (3) obtained using the tetrahedral linkers tetraphenylmethane tetrakis-4-phosphonic acid (H8MTTPA) and tetraphenylsilane tetrakis-4-phosphonic acid (H8STPPA) under solvothermal conditions. X-ray structures reveal 3D frameworks with large assessable voids. The percentage void volumes and the specific BET surface areas of 1 (48.7 %, 794 m2/g), 2 (48.1 %, 565 m2/g) and 3 (51.3 %, 927 m2/g) predicted by molecular simulations are among the highest reported for MOFs derived from phosphonic acids

Impaired Representation of Geometric Relationships in Humans with Damage to the Hippocampal Formation

The pivotal role of the hippocampus for spatial memory is well-established. However, while neurophysiological and imaging studies suggest a specialization of the hippocampus for viewpoint-independent or allocentric memory, results from human lesion studies have been less conclusive. It is currently unclear whether disproportionate impairment in allocentric memory tasks reflects impairment of cognitive functions that are not sufficiently supported by regions outside the medial temporal lobe or whether the deficits observed in some studies are due to experimental factors. Here, we have investigated whether hippocampal contributions to spatial memory depend on the spatial references that are available in a certain behavioral context. Patients with medial temporal lobe lesions affecting systematically the right hippocampal formation performed a series of three oculomotor tasks that required memory of a spatial cue either in retinal coordinates or relative to a single environmental reference across a delay of 5000 ms. Stimulus displays varied the availability of spatial references and contained no complex visuo-spatial associations. Patients showed a selective impairment in a condition that critically depended on memory of the geometric relationship between spatial cue and environmental reference. We infer that regions of the medial temporal lobe, most likely the hippocampal formation, contribute to behavior in conditions that exceed the potential of viewpoint-dependent or egocentric representations. Apparently, this already applies to short-term memory of simple geometric relationships and does not necessarily depend on task difficulty or integration of landmarks into more complex representations. Deficient memory of basic geometric relationships may represent a core deficit that contributes to impaired performance in allocentric spatial memory tasks

Just do it? Investigating the gap between prediction and action in toddlers' causal inferences

Adults’ causal representations integrate information about predictive relations and the possibility of effective intervention; if one event reliably predicts another, adults can represent the possibility that acting to bring about the first event might generate the second. Here we show that although toddlers (mean age: 24 months) readily learn predictive relationships between physically connected events, they do not spontaneously initiate one event to try to generate the second (although older children, mean age: 47 months, do; Experiments 1 and 2). Toddlers succeed only when the events are initiated by a dispositional agent (Experiment 3), when the events involve direct contact between objects (Experiment 4), or when the events are described using causal language (Experiment 5). This suggests that causal language may help children extend their initial causal representations beyond agent-initiated and direct contact events.James S. McDonnell Foundation (Causal Learning Collaborative)American Psychological FoundationTempleton Foundatio

The repeatability of cognitive performance:A meta-analysis

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from The Royal Society via the DOI in this record.Behavioural and cognitive processes play important roles in mediating an individual's interactions with its environment. Yet, while there is a vast literature on repeatable individual differences in behaviour, relatively little is known about the repeatability of cognitive performance. To further our understanding of the evolution of cognition, we gathered 44 studies on individual performance of 25 species across six animal classes and used meta-analysis to assess whether cognitive performance is repeatable. We compared repeatability (R) in performance (1) on the same task presented at different times (temporal repeatability), and (2) on different tasks that measured the same putative cognitive ability (contextual repeatability). We also addressed whether R estimates were influenced by seven extrinsic factors (moderators): type of cognitive performance measurement, type of cognitive task, delay between tests, origin of the subjects, experimental context, taxonomic class and publication status. We found support for both temporal and contextual repeatability of cognitive performance, with mean R estimates ranging between 0.15 and 0.28. Repeatability estimates were mostly influenced by the type of cognitive performance measures and publication status. Our findings highlight the widespread occurrence of consistent inter-individual variation in cognition across a range of taxa which, like behaviour, may be associated with fitness outcomes.PKYC is supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PE1801); JOvH was funded by an ERC consolidator grant (616474). MC and this research was supported by a grant from the Human Frontier Science Program to ASC and JM-F (RGP0006/2015)

Fish Intelligence, Sentience and Ethics

Fish are one of the most highly utilised vertebrate taxa by humans; they are harvested from wild stocks as part of global fishing industries, grown under intensive aquaculture conditions, are the most common pet and are widely used for scientific research. But fish are seldom afforded the same level of compassion or welfare as warm-blooded vertebrates. Part of the problem is the large gap between people’s perception of fish intelligence and the scientific reality. This is an important issue because public perception guides government policy. The perception of an animal’s intelligence often drives our decision whether or not to include them in our moral circle. From a welfare perspective, most researchers would suggest that if an animal is sentient, then it can most likely suffer and should therefore be offered some form of formal protection. There has been a debate about fish welfare for decades which centres on the question of whether they are sentient or conscious. The implications for affording the same level of protection to fish as other vertebrates are great, not least because of fishing-related industries. Here, I review the current state of knowledge of fish cognition starting with their sensory perception and moving on to cognition. The review reveals that fish perception and cognitive abilities often match or exceed other vertebrates. A review of the evidence for pain perception strongly suggests that fish experience pain in a manner similar to the rest of the vertebrates. Although scientists cannot provide a definitive answer on the level of consciousness for any nonhuman vertebrate, the extensive evidence of fish behavioural and cognitive sophistication and pain perception suggests that best practice would be to lend fish the same level of protection as any other vertebrate

Die Relation der Verhaltenstherapie zu systemischer Therapie und Synergetik

Fragt man Therapeutinnen und Therapeuten, was das Gemeinsame bzw. Trennende zwischen systemischer Therapie (im Weiteren: ST), Synergetik und Verhaltenstherapie (im Weiteren: VT) ist, bekommt man annähernd so viele Antworten, wie Therapeuten befragt werden. Das lässt sich auf den individuell unterschiedlichen Ausbildungsstand, auf persönliche Arbeitsstile, konkrete therapeutische Erfahrungen, heterogene Darstellungen in der einschlägigen Literatur zurückführen. Die folgende Abhandlung des Themas muss aus den gleichen Gründen subjektiv bleiben, auch wenn durch zahlreiche Bezüge auf die Literatur eine >>objektive<< Verankerung angestrebt wird. Die Frage wird zuweilen von Patienten und Ausbildungskandidaten gestellt - also sollte man auch versuchen, eine Antwort zu finden

AEM Analysis of SCC in Alloy 690 Tested in 10% Caustic and 10% Caustic + PbO, 2005, May 9

This report talks about AEM Analysis of SCC in Alloy 690 Tested in 10% Caustic and 10% Caustic + PbO