Amorces de mots et répétitions : des hésitations plus que des erreurs en français parlé

Autorisation No.1674 : De : Anne DisterEnvoyé : mercredi 30 avril 2008 16:13À : Berthille PallaudInternational audienceWord fragments are, like repeats, very frequent events in spoken language. Speakers and listeners alike are generally unaware of these phenomena as if they were not part of the communication process. Previous studies (Pallaud, 2002, Henry, 2002, Henry et Pallaud, 2003) have shown that word fragments and repeats encompass different categories of phenomena, and this enables us to define them as an heterogeneous group ruled by different types of constraints and mechanisms. These two types of disfluences may be considered less as repairs than hesitation phenomena. Fragments of word differ from repetitions: they occur later in the syntagm and in the clause.Les amorces ou fragments de mots tout comme les répétitions sont des événements langagiers d'une grande fréquence à l'oral. Ces deux phénomènes sont toutefois le plus souvent ignorés du locuteur qui parle et de son récepteur comme si ces phénomènes étaient non-communicatifs. Des travaux antérieurs (Pallaud, 2002, Henry, 2002, Henry et Pallaud, 2003) ont montré que les amorces de mots comme les répétitions regroupent des phénomènes de catégories différentes ce qui permet de les caractériser comme un ensemble hétérogène obéissant à plusieurs types de contraintes ou de mécanismes.L'analyse de ces deux sortes d'achoppement montre qu'ils sont moins le moment d'une réparation d'erreurs que celui d'une hésitation dans l'élaboration de l'énoncé. La comparaison des amorces de mots et des répétitions fait apparaître une nette différence : les répétitions se produisent plus tôt dans le syntagme que ne le font les amorces de mots.<BR /

Amorces de mots et répétitions dans les énoncés oraux

Autorisation No.1494 : De : Anne DisterEnvoyé : mercredi 30 avril 2008 16:13À : Berthille PallaudThis study proposes to describe, from a double point of view, two kinds of frequent phenomena in oral statements: word truncations and repetitions. It was possible on the one hand to locate the word fragments among the phenomena of repetitions, on the other hand to describe the repetitions in the talking difficulties (in particular their frequencies and their expand). It was possible to set up the category (completed, modified or unfinished) of these repeated word fragments, their syntactic place and their grammatical category.Cette étude se propose d'étudier, d'un double point de vue, deux sortes de phénomènes fréquents à l'oral : les amorces de mots et les répétitions. Elle permet d'une part de situer les amorces parmi les phénomènes de répétitions, d'autre part de décrire les répétitions dans les achoppements (notamment leurs fréquences et leur empan). Il est possible d'établir la catégorie (complétée, modifiée ou inachevée) de ces amorces répétées ainsi que leur situation syntaxique et leur catégorie grammaticale. Les phénomènes d'incises ne sont pas absents de cette catégorie d'amorces

Word fragments and repeats in spontaneous spoken French

Autorisation No.1921 : De : Jens AllwoodEnvoyé : mercredi 30 avril 2008 17:06À : Berthille PallaudInternational audienceThis paper presents the results of a study conducted on the interaction of two disfluencies: repeats and word fragments. It is based on 150 repeated word fragments (e.g., "on le re- re- revendique encore une fois") extracted from a one-million-word corpus of spoken French. Word fragments such as: "notre métier spé- spécifique", are, like repeats (e.g., "vous avez évalué le le montant des dégâts"), very frequent events in spoken language: on average, there is 1 word fragment every 50 seconds , 1 repeat every 17 seconds. Speakers and listeners alike are generally unaware of these phenomena as if they were not part of the communication process. They seldom trigger a metalinguistic reaction from the speaker and are even more rarely acknowledged by the listener. These phenomena have sometimes been interpreted as 'errors' in the communication process, like slips of the tongue [6]. Word fragments and repeats encompass different categories of phenomena, and this enables us to define them as an heterogeneous group ruled by different types of constraints and mechanisms . This analysis rests on the following criteria: structural aspects of the repeat, types of word fragments, morphological and syntactic aspects. Analyses of these repeated of identical word fragments from two different angles - that of the repeats and then that of the word fragments - confirm the relevance of the distinction between these two types of disfluencies

Morphological Development of Thick-Tufted Layer V Pyramidal Cells in the Rat Somatosensory Cortex

The thick-tufted layer V pyramidal (TTL5) neuron is a key neuron providing output from the neocortex. Although it has been extensively studied, principles governing its dendritic and axonal arborization during development are still not fully quantified. Using 3-D model neurons reconstructed from biocytin-labeled cells in the rat somatosensory cortex, this study provides a detailed morphological analysis of TTL5 cells at postnatal day (P) 7, 14, 21, 36, and 60. Three developmental periods were revealed, which were characterized by distinct growing rates and properties of alterations in different compartments. From P7 to P14, almost all compartments grew fast, and filopodia-like segments along apical dendrite disappeared; From P14 to P21, the growth was localized on specified segments of each compartment, and the densities of spines and boutons were significantly increased; From P21 to P60, the number of basal dendritic segments was significantly increased at specified branch orders, and some basal and oblique dendritic segments were lengthened or thickened. Development changes were therefore seen in two modes: the fast overall growth during the first period and the slow localized growth (thickening mainly on intermediates or lengthening mainly on terminals) at the subsequent stages. The lengthening may be accompanied by the retraction on different segments. These results reveal a differential regulation in the arborization of neuronal compartments during development, supporting the notion of functional compartmental development. This quantification provides new insight into the potential value of the TTL5 morphology for information processing, and for other purposes as well

Charcoal analysis and wood diameter: inductive and deductive methodological approaches for the study of firewood collecting practices

International audienc

Antifungal potential of extracts from three plants against two major pathogens of celery (apium graveolens l.) in Cameroon

With the aim of contributing to natural control of plant pathogens, the antifungal activity of 11 extracts from 3 Cameroonian plants namely, Drypetes gossweileri, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Sida acuta was evaluated against Acremonium apii and Colletotrichum dematium, respectively causal agents of brown spot and anthracnose diseases of celery (Apium graveolens L.). The supplemented media technique was used to assess the inhibition of both fungi mycelial growth by essential oils, ethanol,hot water and cold water extracts. The essential oils exhibited the highest antifungal activity at 50 ppm with essential oil from D. gossweileri; and 6000 ppm and 7000 ppm, against C. dematium and A. apii, respectively, with essential oil from E. tereticornis. Ethanol and aqueous extracts displayed a moderate inhibitory activity with the best activity obtained from D. gossweileri ethanol extracts (90.31% and 67.53%, respectively, against A. apii and C. dematium at 10000 ppm). The fungitoxic potential of essential oils was comparative to the synthetic fungicide used as positive control. Phytochemical screening of solvent extracts revealed a diverse composition in secondary metabolites and stronger inhibitory effects were recorded with extracts rich in alkaloids, phenols, anthraquinones and saponines. These findings suggest a promising potential of essential oils and ethanol extracts for botanicals control of celery fungal pathogens

L'analyse syntaxique de l'oral : problèmes et méthodes

National audienceCette étude expose les résultats de plusieurs mois de réflexion et d'expérimentation liées à la constitution d'un corpus oral de référence dans le cadre du projet d'évaluation des analyseurs syntaxiques Easy. La plupart des travaux sur l'analyse syntaxique automatique au cours des dernières décennies ont porté sur l'écrit, et l'on dispose de très peu de corpus oraux syntaxiquement annotés (à notre connaissance aucun pour le français). Or, de tels corpus seraient extrêmement intéressants, tant pour les études linguistiques, que pour l'évolution des technologies de la parole, dont les « modèles de langage » sont souvent mis au point à partir de textes écrits reflétant assez mal le langage parlé (par exemple le journal Le Monde). L'oral constitue un défi majeur pour l'analyse syntaxique, mais nous montrerons que les phénomènes que l'on y observe se retrouvent également pour beaucoup à l'écrit, même si c'est avec des fréquences moindres. Nous faisons donc l'hypothèse que l'étude de l'oral peut aussi amener quelque lumière dans les zones d'ombre, souvent négligées par commodité, de l'écrit

The gut microbiome of Baka forager-horticulturalists from Cameroon is optimized for wild plant foods

The human gut microbiome is losing biodiversity, due to the "microbiome modernization process" that occurs with urbanization. To keep track of it, here we applied shotgun metagenomics to the gut micro- biome of the Baka, a group of forager-horticulturalists from Cameroon, who combine hunting and gathering with growing a few crops and working for neighboring Bantu-speaking farmers. We analyzed the gut microbiome of individuals with different access to and use of wild plant and processed foods, to explore the variation of their gut microbiome along the cline from hunter-gatherer to agricultural subsis- tence patterns. We found that 26 species-level genome bins from our cohort were pivotal for the degra- dation of the wild plant food substrates. These microbes include Old Friend species and are encoded for genes that are no longer present in industrialized gut microbiome. Our results highlight the potential relevance of these genes to human biology and health, in relation to lifestyle

Bismuth coordination networks containing deferiprone: synthesis, characterisation, stability and antibacterial activity

A series of bismuth–dicarboxylate–deferiprone coordination networks have been prepared and structurally characterised. The new compounds have been demonstrated to release the iron overload drug deferiprone on treatment with PBS and have also been shown to have antibacterial activity against H. pylori