Evaluasi Kualitas Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan Beton (Studi Kasus Pelaksanaan Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Asrama Mahasiswa Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES))

Beton merupakan salah satu bahan bangunan yang banyak dipakai dalam pembangunan infrastruktur. Salah satu keuntungan penggunaan beton adalah harga yang relatif murah dan kemudahan dalam pembuatannya. Kelemahan beton antara lain tegangan tarik yang rendah, daktilitas rendah, dan keseragaman mutu yang bervariatif. Untuk memaksimalkan fungsi dari beton diperlukan pengetahuan yang luas, antara lain pengetahuan mengenai sifat bahan dasar, cara pembuatan, cara evaluasi, dan variasi campuran. Pada kenyataan dilapangan, umumnya beton yang disuplai oleh perusahaan pembuatan beton (ready mix) telah terjamin keseragaman bahan dasarnya. Pembangunan asrama UNNES memakai mutu beton K-225. Komponen pemeriksaan yang perlu dilakukan dalam pembuatan beton antara lain: (1). Kualitas komponen bahan beton, (2). Upaya apa yang dilakukan apabila gradasi pasir atau agregat batu pecah tidak sesuai dengan Job Mix Formula ( JMF ) yang telah ditetapkan,(3). Kebutuhan faktor air semen (fas) dengan kondisi material dilapangan. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini antara lain : (1). Agregat yang tertahan ayakan No.4 sebesar 4,5 % dengan kadar lumpur sebesar 4,1 % < dari yang dipersyaratkan dalam spesifikasi maksimum 5%,(2). Agregat yang lolos ayakan No.4 sebesar 2,73 %, (3) Keausan agregat batu pecah mendapatkan hasil 19,16% < dari yang dipersyaratkan dalam spesifikasi maksimum 27%, (4). Kadar air material pasir dilapangan sebesar 1,89 %, kadar air pada material batu pecah sebesar 0,72 %. (5)Kualitas beton rata-rata σ’bk = 283,05 kg/cm² dan 25,94 MPa

Prioritizing orphan proteins for further study using phylogenomics and gene expression profiles in Streptomyces coelicolor

BACKGROUND:Streptomyces coelicolor, a model organism of antibiotic producing bacteria, has one of the largest genomes of the bacterial kingdom, including 7825 predicted protein coding genes. A large number of these genes, nearly 34%, are functionally orphan (hypothetical proteins with unknown function). However, in gene expression time course data, many of these functionally orphan genes show interesting expression patterns.RESULTS:In this paper, we analyzed all functionally orphan genes of Streptomyces coelicolor and identified a list of "high priority" orphans by combining gene expression analysis and additional phylogenetic information (i.e. the level of evolutionary conservation of each protein).CONCLUSIONS:The prioritized orphan genes are promising candidates to be examined experimentally in the lab for further characterization of their functio

MultiMetEval: comparative and multi-objective analysis of genome-scale metabolic models

Comparative metabolic modelling is emerging as a novel field, supported by the development of reliable and standardized approaches for constructing genome-scale metabolic models in high throughput. New software solutions are needed to allow efficient comparative analysis of multiple models in the context of multiple cellular objectives. Here, we present the user-friendly software framework Multi-Metabolic Evaluator (MultiMetEval), built upon SurreyFBA, which allows the user to compose collections of metabolic models that together can be subjected to flux balance analysis. Additionally, MultiMetEval implements functionalities for multi-objective analysis by calculating the Pareto front between two cellular objectives. Using a previously generated dataset of 38 actinobacterial genome-scale metabolic models, we show how these approaches can lead to exciting novel insights. Firstly, after incorporating several pathways for the biosynthesis of natural products into each of these models, comparative flux balance analysis predicted that species like Streptomyces that harbour the highest diversity of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters in their genomes do not necessarily have the metabolic network topology most suitable for compound overproduction. Secondly, multi-objective analysis of biomass production and natural product biosynthesis in these actinobacteria shows that the well-studied occurrence of discrete metabolic switches during the change of cellular objectives is inherent to their metabolic network architecture. Comparative and multi-objective modelling can lead to insights that could not be obtained by normal flux balance analyses. MultiMetEval provides a powerful platform that makes these analyses straightforward for biologists. Sources and binaries of MultiMetEval are freely available from https://github.com/PiotrZakrzewski/MetEv​al/downloads

Transgenic Rescue of the LARGEmyd Mouse: A LARGE Therapeutic Window?

LARGE is a glycosyltransferase involved in glycosylation of α-dystroglycan (α-DG). Absence of this protein in the LARGEmyd mouse results in α-DG hypoglycosylation, and is associated with central nervous system abnormalities and progressive muscular dystrophy. Up-regulation of LARGE has previously been proposed as a therapy for the secondary dystroglycanopathies: overexpression in cells compensates for defects in multiple dystroglycanopathy genes. Counterintuitively, LARGE overexpression in an FKRP-deficient mouse exacerbates pathology, suggesting that modulation of α-DG glycosylation requires further investigation. Here we demonstrate that transgenic expression of human LARGE (LARGE-LV5) in the LARGEmyd mouse restores α-DG glycosylation (with marked hyperglycosylation in muscle) and that this corrects both the muscle pathology and brain architecture. By quantitative analyses of LARGE transcripts we also here show that levels of transgenic and endogenous LARGE in the brains of transgenic animals are comparable, but that the transgene is markedly overexpressed in heart and particularly skeletal muscle (20–100 fold over endogenous). Our data suggest LARGE overexpression may only be deleterious under a forced regenerative context, such as that resulting from a reduction in FKRP: in the absence of such a defect we show that systemic expression of LARGE can indeed act therapeutically, and that even dramatic LARGE overexpression is well-tolerated in heart and skeletal muscle. Moreover, correction of LARGEmyd brain pathology with only moderate, near-physiological LARGE expression suggests a generous therapeutic window

Monodromy--like Relations for Finite Loop Amplitudes

We investigate the existence of relations for finite one-loop amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory. Using a diagrammatic formalism and a remarkable connection between tree and loop level, we deduce sequences of amplitude relations for any number of external legs.Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures, v2 typos corrected, reference adde

Pengaruh Variasi Diameter Lubang Dan Bentuk Profil Elektroda Serta Jumlah Pelat Netral Terhadap Produksi Brown Gas

Sumber energi yang berasal dari bahan bakar fosil semakin lama akan habis, dengan demikian perlu dicari energi alternatif lain sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil. Elektrolisis merupakan salah satu cara untuk mengatasi ketergantungan bahan bakar fosil tersebut. Elektrolisis adalah proses penguraian molekul air (H2O) menjadi hidrogen (H2) dan oksigen (O2) dengan bantuan energi listrik sebagai pemicu untuk proses tersebut. Dalam proses elektroda dibutuhkan dua elektroda untuk ditempatkan dalam air. Reaksi elektrolisis adalah reaksi redoks, di mana reaksi reduksi terjadi pada katoda yang membentuk hidrogen dan oksidasi terjadi pada anoda dan membentuk oksigen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi dalam diameter lubang elektroda, bentuk elektroda dan jumlah pelat netral pada produksi Alis Gas dengan menggunakan NaOH sebagai katalis. Elektroda yang digunakan adalah polos, kotak, lingkaran dan bentuk silang, dan diameter lubang elektroda adalah 5 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm dan 12 mm. selain itu jumlah plat netral bervariasi 4 buah, 6 buah dan 8 buah. NaOH yang dilarutkan dalam air memiliki persentase 1,77%. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa laju produksi meningkat karena jumlah pelat netral meningkat dan daya yang dibutuhkan oleh generator juga meningkat, tetapi efisiensi generator lebih kecil. Diameter lubang elektroda dan bentuk elektroda juga memengaruhi produksi gas Brow'n, hal ini karena luas penampang elektroda yang bersentuhan dengan elektrolit juga memiliki nilai yang berbeda. Nilai produktivitas tertinggi pada elektroda bentuk silang, diameter lubang elektroda 10 mm dan jumlah pelat netral 8 buah, dan terendah dalam bentuk elektroda polos, diameter lubang 5 mm, dan 4 pelat netral. Efisiensi generator terendah dalam variasi elektroda adalah bentuk lingkaran, diameter lubang elektroda adalah 12 mm dan penggunaan 8 pelat netral dan terbesar di elektroda persegi, diameter lubang elektroda 12 mm, dan 4 pelat netra

TL1A/DR3 axis involvement in the inflammatory cytokine network during pulmonary sarcoidosis

BACKGROUND: TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A), a recently recognized member of the TNF superfamily, and its death domain receptor 3 (DR3), firstly identified for their relevant role in T lymphocyte homeostasis, are now well-known mediators of several immune-inflammatory diseases, ranging from rheumatoid arthritis to inflammatory bowel diseases to psoriasis, whereas no data are available on their involvement in sarcoidosis, a multisystemic granulomatous disease where a deregulated T helper (Th)1/Th17 response takes place. METHODS: In this study, by flow cytometry, real-time PCR, confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry analyses, TL1A and DR3 were investigated in the pulmonary cells and the peripheral blood of 43 patients affected by sarcoidosis in different phases of the disease (29 patients with active sarcoidosis, 14 with the inactive form) and in 8 control subjects. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated a significant higher expression, both at protein and mRNA levels, of TL1A and DR3 in pulmonary T cells and alveolar macrophages of patients with active sarcoidosis as compared to patients with the inactive form of the disease and to controls. In patients with sarcoidosis TL1A was strongly more expressed in the lung than the blood, i.e., at the site of the involved organ. Additionally, zymography assays showed that TL1A is able to increase the production of matrix metalloproteinase 9 by sarcoid alveolar macrophages characterized, in patients with the active form of the disease, by reduced mRNA levels of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that TL1A/DR3 interactions are part of the extended and complex immune-inflammatory network that characterizes sarcoidosis during its active phase and may contribute to the pathogenesis and to the progression of the disease

Mood instability, mental illness and suicidal ideas : results from a household survey

Purpose: There is weak and inconsistent evidence that mood instability (MI) is associated with depression, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicidality although the basis of this is unclear. Our objectives were first to test whether there is an association between depression and PTSD, and MI and secondly whether MI exerts an independent effect on suicidal thinking over and above that explained by common mental disorders. Methods: We used data from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007 (N = 7,131). Chi-square tests were used to examine associations between depression and PTSD, and MI, followed by regression modelling to examine associations between MI and depression, and with PTSD. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the independent effect of MI on suicidal thinking, after adjustment for demographic factors and the effects of common mental disorder diagnoses. Results: There are high rates of MI in depression and PTSD and the presence of MI increases the odds of depression by 10.66 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 7.51–15.13] and PTSD by 8.69 (95 % CI 5.90–12.79), respectively, after adjusting for other factors. Mood instability independently explained suicidal thinking, multiplying the odds by nearly five (odds ratio 4.82; 95 % CI 3.39–6.85), and was individually by some way the most important single factor in explaining suicidal thoughts. Conclusions: MI is strongly associated with depression and PTSD. In people with common mental disorders MI is clinically significant as it acts as an additional factor exacerbating the risk of suicidal thinking. It is important to enquire about MI as part of clinical assessment and treatment studies are required