The Role of Cognitive Dissonance in Social Networks

Context:
The principles behind the process of creating new, spontaneous sequences out of previously ordered non-declarative stimuli have been scarcely addressed and, for such reason, remain highly unknown. 

Objective:
This paper has four interconnected goals: 
(1) Introduce a new software-based neuropsychological test that can be used as a means to assess key aspects of the way people order and reorder non-declarative stimuli, based upon cognitive dissonance principles; (2) introduce a mathematical approach to the latter in ordering/re-ordering of non-declarative stimuli; 
(3) assess whether the principles of cognitive dissonance in ordering/re-ordering hold for a cohort of young adults with upper socio-economic level; 
(4) access the extent to which the same holds for children and adolescents and trace a curve of maturation of cognitive dissonance in ordering/re-ordering. 

Methods:
Our multi-age and multi-language social Network Test implies the two stages, first the subject must order figures of human faces in order of preference, next, the software provides him with different pairs of figures which the subject must fulfill in order to built the intermediate arrays that he believe to interconnect the original pair. Our mathematical model is centered around the relation defined by increases in the distance separating these different pairs of figures in the initial order (distances 1, 5 and 11) and related increases in the mean number of intermediate arrays placed in the re-ordering phase; 105 subjects were tested. 

Results:
The tendency to produce reorders that are consonant to the one produced in the initial phase increases with age. This trend inspired us to propose a cognitive dissonance index in spontaneous ordering/reordering of non-declarative stimuli, which may formalize the operation of a previously unknown cognitive dimension of the human mind and may serve as an index of cognitive maturation. To the extent that further studies endorse these perspectives, the tests, formulas, and theoretical principals may support new diagnostic methods and explorations in cognitive science

Estrutura populacional de Vriesea neoglutinosa Mez em uma restinga no estado da Bahia Population structure of Vriesea neoglutinosa Mez in a coastal plain in the state of Bahia

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a composição estrutural de uma população de Vriesea neoglutinosa em uma restinga arbustiva no município de Caravelas, Bahia, e compará-la com estudos desenvolvidos para espécies de grupos similares em outras restingas do país. Para amostragem da estrutura populacional, utilizou-se o método de parcelas, estabelecendo 52 unidades amostrais de 100 m2 cada, totalizando 0,52 ha da amostra. Os resultados indicaram que V. neoglutinosa tem um padrão de distribuição espacial do tipo agregado, predominantemente terrestre, influenciado pelo sistema de reprodução assexuada, promovido pelo crescimento clonal. O ambiente de borda e o interior são locais preferidos para o seu estabelecimento (densidade e frequência) em oposição aos ambientes de solo nu (entre moitas). Armazena volume médio de água de 764,4 (mL/roseta) sendo o volume médio do cone de 2702,70 (cm3/roseta) e a abertura média por ramete de 3271,96 (cm²/roseta). Verificou-se relação positiva entre abertura e volume da roseta de cone. A presença de populações, desta espécie nas restingas arbustivas em Caravelas, pode promover a interação positiva entre o ambiente e a disponibilidade de água e nutrientes para o solo e pode facilitar a colonização por outras espécies vegetais. Portanto, compreender o papel funcional de interações diretas e indiretas com outros organismos que habitam o ecossistema é fundamental para conservar este importante ecossistema que ajuda a manter a integridade do ambiente como um todo.Abstract The objective of this study was to describe the structural composition of a population from Vriesea neoglutinosa in a restinga shrubby in the municipality of Caravelas, Bahia, and compare it with studies developed for species of similar groups in other restingas in the country. For sampled structure of the population used the plot method, establishing 52 plots of 100 m2 each, totaling 0.52 ha of sample. The results indicated that V. neoglutinosa shows a pattern of spatial distribution of aggregate types, predominantly terrestrials, influenced by asexual reproduction system promoted by clonal growth. Have on the environment of the border and interior is preferred sites for their establishment (density and frequency) as opposed to nude soil environments (between shrubs). Average volume of water of 764.4 (mL rosette), but with the average volume of the cone 2702.70 (cm3/rosette) and opening an average of 3271.96 per ramets (cm²/rosette). Positive relation was found between the opening area and volume of the cone rosette. The presence of populations of this species in shrubby restingas in Caravelas can promotes positive interaction between the environment and the availability of water and nutrients to the soil and may facilitate colonization by other plant species. Therefore, understanding a functional role of direct and indirect interactions with other organisms that inhabit the ecosystem is critical to conserve this important ecosystem which helps maintain the integrity of the environment as a whole

A Psychometrics Approach to Entropy

Today's metrics for women housework work (WHW) operate at a quantitative level, specifically measuring time expended on a task and the totality of tasks women perform, not considering that it is a process that is eminently qualitative in nature. To fill this gap, an innovative framework for representing and thinking about big data or knowledge is presented, borrowing from the field of artificial intelligence the methods and methodologies for problem solving, from logic programming the artifacts to improve practice through theory, and from the laws of thermodynamics the construct of entropy, interpreted as the degree of disorder or unpredictability in a system, a principle that may be used to understand system evolution. Last but not least, it also considers the relationship among the disciplines of psychometrics and psychology or sociology (i.e., how certain psychological and sociological concepts such as cognition, knowledge and personality affect WHW satisfaction)

Contra o fim da história: a atualidade da crítica da economia política

******** Nota ao editor ********Tratando-se do texto de apresentação do número especial da Revista, não há resumo, apenas uma citação introdutóri

ESTRUTURA DO ESTRATO LENHOSO DE UMA COMUNIDADE ARBUSTIVA FECHADA SOBRE CORDÃO ARENOSO NA RESTINGA DA MARAMBAIA - RJ

The present study described the floristic and structure of the woody layer in closed shrubby formation on a sandy coastal plain at Restinga da Marambaia and compare this vegetation to other physiognomically similar plant communities. Using the line intercept method, a total of 1170m were sampled, resulting in 1938 woody plants (dbh≥0.5cm), 73 species, 30 families. The families with highest importance values were Myrtaceae (21%), Nyctaginaceae (7.2%), Malvaceae (7.1%). Myrtaceae had the most species (15) and also the greatest number of individuals (379). The species with the greatest importance values were Guapiraopposita, Maytenusobtusifolia, Pavoniaalnifolia, Aspidospermaparvifolium, Eugenia copacabanensis, Myrrhiniumatropurpureum, Manilkarasubsericea, Ouratea cuspidate, Erythroxylumovalifolium. Diversity index H´=3.49, J´=0.81. Similarity between this community and formation in Maricá (CS=0.37, CN=0.15). This closed shrubby formation was classified as Myrtaceae thicket based on floristic, physiognomic, structural parameters. Although this community and that of Maricá are similar in terms of physiognomy and Myrtaceae species richness and importance, the similarity value is low, both quantitatively and qualitatively terms, revealing a great degree of heterogeneity between plant communities along the coast. This has created a certain amount of difficulty in placing plant communities within existing classification systems. O presente estudo teve por objetivo descrever florística e estruturalmente o estrato lenhoso de uma comunidade arbustiva fechada sobre cordão arenoso na Restinga da Marambaia. Para isso, utilizou-se metodologia de intercepto de linha, em que em 1170 m de amostragem foram inventariados 1938 indivíduos lenhosos ≥0,50 m de altura, distribuída em 73 espécies e 30 famílias. Famílias com maiores VI foram Myrtaceae (21%), Nyctaginaceae (7%), Malvaceae (7%). Myrtaceae teve maior riqueza (15sp.) e número de indivíduos (379). Espécies com maior VI foram Guapira opposita, Maytenus obtusifolia, Pavonia alnifolia, Aspidosperma parvifolium, Eugenia copacabanensis, Myrrhinium atropurpureum, Manilkara subsericea, Ouratea cuspidata, Erythroxylum ovalifolium. A diversidade foi H’=3,49 e equidade, J=0,81. A similaridade com mesmo tipo de vegetação em Marica - RJ foi CS=0,37 e CN=0,15. Constatou-se similaridade relativamente alta (CS=0,62) entre esta e uma floresta de duna na Marambaia, indicando forte ligação florística entre elas. A comunidade analisada foi classificada como arbustiva fechada de Myrtaceae por atender a critérios florísticos, fisionômicos e estruturais. Embora existam semelhanças em relação à riqueza e VI de espécies de Myrtaceae entre Marambaia e Maricá, a similaridade entre ambas formações é baixa, em termos qualitativos e quantitativos, demonstrando uma heterogeneidade ao longo do litoral. Isto dificulta a ampla utilização da classificação nomenclatural das comunidades de restinga

ESPÉCIES FLORESTAIS DE RESTINGAS COMO POTENCIAIS INSTRUMENTOS PARA GESTÃO COSTEIRA E TECNOLOGIA SOCIAL EM CARAVELAS, BAHIA (BRASIL)

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509815732In Caravelas, located in southern Bahia state, the main vegetation formations are the mangrove forests and ‘restingas’ (sandbanks) presenting, the latter, a high degree of degradation. The aim of this paper is to describe the main forest species of these ‘restingas’ and their direct uses associated with the recovery and management of degraded areas and creation of jobs and income, making thus an important tool for integrated coastal zone. For this, elaborate floral listings and field visits were necessary for recognizing the environment. In the selection of species, a literature about the use, management and value of each species were used, and from there, four species with potential for generating jobs and income along of this proposal were recognized: Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa), Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora), Mangaba (Anacardium occidentale) and Aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius). The first three are associated with the use of its fruit food, serving these ‘aroeiras’ as pepper trees, with a high value on the world market, and cashew, because of its fertile structure. The identification of products provided sustainable use of species and environment and the Non-Timber Forest Products can be strategic in coastal management, making it an instrument to subsidize social inclusion through the creation of jobs and income, under the movement of Social Technology, contributing to reduce the social vulnerability of traditional coastal communities.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509815732Em Caravelas, município localizado no sul do estado da Bahia, as principais formações vegetais são as florestas de mangue e as restingas apresentando, estas últimas, alto grau de degradação. O objetivo deste artigo consiste em descrever as principais espécies florestais de restingas e seus usos diretos associados, com vistas à recuperação e ao manejo de áreas degradadas e à geração de trabalho e renda, compondo, dessa forma, importante ferramenta para a gestão integrada da zona costeira. Para isso, a elaboração de listagens florísticas e visitas ao campo foram necessárias para reconhecimento do ambiente. Na seleção das espécies, uma literatura referente ao uso, manejo e valor agregado de cada uma das espécies identificadas foi utilizada e, a partir daí, foram reconhecidas quatro espécies com potencialidade para geração de trabalho e renda nos moldes dessa proposta: mangaba (Hancornia speciosa), pitanga (Eugenia uniflora), caju (Anacardium occidentale) e aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius). As três primeiras apresentam associação de seus frutos ao uso alimentar, servindo a aroeira como condimentação, com alta valorização no mercado mundial, e o caju, a partir da sua estrutura fértil (castanha e polpa). A identificação dos subprodutos vegetais fornecidos assegura a utilização sustentada das espécies e do ambiente e os Produtos Florestais Não Madeiráveis podem ser estratégicos no gerenciamento costeiro, tornando-se instrumento para se alcançar inclusão social através da geração de trabalho e renda, sob o movimento da Tecnologia Social, contribuindo, portanto, para a redução da vulnerabilidade social de comunidades costeiras tradicionais

FOREST SPECIES OF COASTAL PLAIN AS POTENTIAL TOOLS FOR COASTAL MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL TECHNOLOGY IN CARAVELAS, BAHIA (BRAZIL)

Em Caravelas, munic\uedpio localizado no sul do estado da Bahia, as principais forma\ue7\uf5es vegetais s\ue3o as florestas de mangue e as restingas apresentando, estas \ufaltimas, alto grau de degrada\ue7\ue3o. O objetivo deste artigo consiste em descrever as principais esp\ue9cies florestais de restingas e seus usos diretos associados, com vistas \ue0 recupera\ue7\ue3o e ao manejo de \ue1reas degradadas e \ue0 gera\ue7\ue3o de trabalho e renda, compondo, dessa forma, importante ferramenta para a gest\ue3o integrada da zona costeira. Para isso, a elabora\ue7\ue3o de listagens flor\uedsticas e visitas ao campo foram necess\ue1rias para reconhecimento do ambiente. Na sele\ue7\ue3o das esp\ue9cies, uma literatura referente ao uso, manejo e valor agregado de cada uma das esp\ue9cies identificadas foi utilizada e, a partir da\ued, foram reconhecidas quatro esp\ue9cies com potencialidade para gera\ue7\ue3o de trabalho e renda nos moldes dessa proposta: mangaba ( Hancornia speciosa ), pitanga ( Eugenia uniflora ), caju ( Anacardium occidentale ) e aroeira ( Schinus terebinthifolius ). As tr\ueas primeiras apresentam associa\ue7\ue3o de seus frutos ao uso alimentar, servindo a aroeira como condimenta\ue7\ue3o, com alta valoriza\ue7\ue3o no mercado mundial, e o caju, a partir da sua estrutura f\ue9rtil (castanha e polpa). A identifica\ue7\ue3o dos subprodutos vegetais fornecidos assegura a utiliza\ue7\ue3o sustentada das esp\ue9cies e do ambiente e os Produtos Florestais N\ue3o Madeir\ue1veis podem ser estrat\ue9gicos no gerenciamento costeiro, tornando-se instrumento para se alcan\ue7ar inclus\ue3o social atrav\ue9s da gera\ue7\ue3o de trabalho e renda, sob o movimento da Tecnologia Social, contribuindo, portanto, para a redu\ue7\ue3o da vulnerabilidade social de comunidades costeiras tradicionais.In Caravelas, located in southern Bahia state, the main vegetation formations are the mangrove forests and \u2018restingas\u2019 (sandbanks) presenting, the latter, a high degree of degradation. The aim of this paper is to describe the main forest species of these \u2018restingas\u2019 and their direct uses associated with the recovery and management of degraded areas and creation of jobs and income, making thus an important tool for integrated coastal zone. For this, elaborate floral listings and field visits were necessary for recognizing the environment. In the selection of species, a literature about the use, management and value of each species were used, and from there, four species with potential for generating jobs and income along of this proposal were recognized: Mangaba ( Hancornia speciosa ), Pitanga ( Eugenia uniflora ), Mangaba ( Anacardium occidentale ) and Aroeira ( Schinus terebinthifolius ). The first three are associated with the use of its fruit food, serving these \u2018aroeiras\u2019 as pepper trees, with a high value on the world market, and cashew, because of its fertile structure. The identification of products provided sustainable use of species and environment and the Non-Timber Forest Products can be strategic in coastal management, making it an instrument to subsidize social inclusion through the creation of jobs and income, under the movement of Social Technology, contributing to reduce the social vulnerability of traditional coastal communities

Effective Communication in Transition Care During Shift Change

The aim of this study is to examine the effective communication pro cess during shift changes in a transitional care unit; communication should be clear, concise and relevant. The caregivers should be able to understand their mates needs and wants, and they should understand what is happening. Indeed, it will be study if there is inconsistency in the communication process during shift change, since there are some factors that could be affecting the consistency, such as inadequate time for communication, lack of awareness about the needs of other team members and unclear expectations from managers, a process carried out by interviewing employees who have experience in transitional care. The intervie wees are asked about their past experiences and what they think are the most important points for effective communication. No doubt this article will discuss the communication challenges and opportunities that arise when a caregiver trans fers care from one shift to the next, with effective communication being the key. On the other hand, in this work is also set a Logic Programming based framework that nurses may use to optimize their insight into how caregivers may make their communication more effective by understanding the needs of both parties involved in the shift change process