125 research outputs found

    Dysregulation of the high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) gene in human tumours

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    The high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) gene is expressed during embryogenesis but silenced in adult tissues. It often is reactivated for varying reasons depending on tissue type in a variety of malignant and benign tumours contributing to tumour growth. In this thesis, causes for dysregulation in various human tissues were investigated. A potential HMGA2 increase upon growth factor incubation was investigated in the epithelial prostate cancer cell line PC-3 as well as in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The underlying mechanism for HMGA2 silencing in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP was examined as well as effects of HMGA2 on cell viability. Furthermore, a small subset of uterine leiomyomas was tested by high-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridisation to detect microdeletions potentially related to the breakpoints accompanying the typical translocation responsible for HMGA2 reactivation. An HMGA2 increase in PC-3 cells upon growth factor and FBS incubation was not detected, whereat it was shown in HUVECs upon growth factor incubation. HMGA2 in non-expressing LNCaP cells was found to be detectable after incubation with a demethylating agent, but not after silencing of DICER1, pointing rather to the involvement of DNA methylation than of miRNAs in HMGA2 silencing. Furthermore, HMGA2 incubation was associated with reduced cell viability. In two of the three uterine leiomyomas, small deletions that may be associated with the translocation were identified upstream of the HMGA2 locus. The results obtained herein underline the versatility of HMGA2 in regulation and function supporting the need for individual consideration for the development of potential therapeutic applications

    Erzeuger-fair-Milch - Ein Leitfaden fĂŒr die Praxis

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    Seit Januar 2005 ist die als Erzeuger-fair Milch deklarierte Milch der UplĂ€nder Bauernmolkerei im regionalen Naturkostfachhandel erhĂ€ltlich. Wer sie kauft, zahlt fĂŒr die regionalen Bauern einen Mehrpreis von 5 Cent pro Liter. Die VerkĂ€ufe haben sich seitdem deutlich erhöht, und das Projekt hat eine hohe Verbraucherakzeptanz erfahren. Die Entwicklung des Absatzes ist in den einzelnen GeschĂ€ften des Naturkosteinzelhandels dabei unterschiedlich verlaufen, was mit verschiedenen Faktoren zusammenhĂ€ngt wie der LadengrĂ¶ĂŸe, Kundenstruktur, Lage des GeschĂ€fts, PrĂ€sentation des Projektes am KĂŒhlregal und im Laden sowie Informationen zu dem Projekt. Auch im klassischen LEH unterstĂŒtzen die Verbraucher dieses Pilotprojekt in hohem Maße. In den ĂŒber 6 Monaten Projektlaufzeit wurde in den TestmĂ€rkten deutlich mehr Milch des Hamfelder Hofes verkauft als vor EinfĂŒhrung des 5 Cent-Siegels. Auch wurden hiermit die Ergebnisse der Befragungen in der ersten Projektphase bestĂ€tigt, die ergeben hatten, dass die Umsetzung der Marketingstrategie mit einem Preisaufschlag von 5 Cent im LEH von mehr Kunden als im Naturkosthandel unterstĂŒtzt werden wĂŒrde. Die Vermarktung von Erzeuger-fair Schmand im Naturkosthandel war insgesamt schwieriger umzusetzen als bei der Erzeuger-fair Milch. Es ist schwieriger den Verbrauchern die Problematik des niedrigen Milchpreises ĂŒber das Produkt Schmand zu verdeutlichen. Bei Milch ist den Verbrauchern dagegen sofort klar, dass 5 Cent Preisaufschlag pro Liter Milch den Milchpreis direkt um 5 Cent erhöhen. Diese Problematik ergibt sich auch bei allen anderen Milchprodukten bzw. insgesamt betrachtet bei Verarbeitungsprodukten. Dennoch hat sich der Absatz insgesamt und im Zeitablauf betrachtet in der Projektphase insofern positiv entwickelt als dass sich der Absatz in den teilnehmenden GeschĂ€ften auf stabilem Niveau gehalten hat. Die Hauptmotive der KĂ€ufer der regionalen Erzeuger-fair Milch wurden im Rahmen einer nachtrĂ€glichen Erhebung bei tatsĂ€chlichen KĂ€ufern der Erzeuger-fair Milch am Point Of Sale (POS) in den TestmĂ€rkten des Naturkosthandels und des Lebensmitteleinzelhandels erfasst. Als wichtigster Grund fĂŒr den Kauf der regionalen Erzeuger-fair Milch wurde der Geschmack genannt, gefolgt von der lĂ€ngeren Haltbarkeit bzw. der höheren Frische der regionalen Erzeuger-fair Milch . Die eigentlichen speziïŹschen Merkmale einer regionalen Milch, wie kurze Transportwege oder Erhalt der Landwirtschaft, wurden nur von sehr wenigen der befragten KĂ€ufer als Hauptgrund fĂŒr den Kauf der Erzeuger-fair Milch genannt. Noch weniger der befragten KĂ€ufer gaben an, dass der Preis fĂŒr Sie als ein Hauptmotiv fĂŒr den Kauf der regionalen Erzeuger-fair Milch gilt, so dass die Preiserhöhung durch den Regionalaufschlag zur direkten UnterstĂŒtzung der Landwirte somit fĂŒr nahezu alle KĂ€ufer der regionalen Erzeuger-fair Milch kein Problem darstellt. Es zeigte sich zudem, dass die BegrĂŒndung fĂŒr den Preisaufschlag sehr deutlich, eindeutig und klar kommuniziert werden sollte, um steigende Abverkaufszahlen zu realisieren. Begleitende Marketingmaßnahmen fĂŒr das Regionalprodukt auf dem Produkt, am POS und in den Medien sollten durchgefĂŒhrt werden. Ein elementarer Baustein in diesem Vermarktungskonzept ist die Logistik. Wichtig ist zudem eine fortlaufende Kontrolle des korrekten Transfers des Preisaufschlages vom Lebensmitteleinzelhandel an die Erzeuger (in diesem Fall die Milcherzeuger), um die Transparenz des Konzeptes zu erhöhen. Die seit Sommer 2007 weiter entwickelte Marketingstrategie sieht fĂŒr alle Produkte inkl. der verarbeiteten Produkte einen Fair-Preis ohne direkten Aufschlag vor. Die Entscheidung seitens der UplĂ€nder Bauernmolkerei sollte ein neues VerstĂ€ndnis zwischen Konsumenten, Lebensmittelhandel, Molkereien und Bauern, ein solidarisches Handeln und Fairness, bringen. Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung zur Umsetzung dieser Strategie stellt die UnterstĂŒtzung des Lebensmittelhandels dar. Ohne eine UnterstĂŒtzung des Handels wĂ€re ein solcher Schritt nicht möglich gewesen. Ebenso gelang es die Konsumenten ins Boot zu holen. FĂŒr die KĂ€ufer der Produkte war es eine logische Konsequenz, dass nicht nur fĂŒr ausgewĂ€hlte Produkte ein fairer Preis galt sondern fĂŒr alle. Die Initiative des Vereins „Bestes Bio – Fair fĂŒr alle“ zeigt, dass Fairness ĂŒber faire Preise hinausgeht. Ein „Fair-Siegel“ fĂŒr alle Produkte und Branchen wurde entwickelt. Über die DeïŹnition von „Fairness“, RegionalitĂ€t und der eigenen GrundsĂ€tze werden PrĂŒfkriterien entwickelt, die sich mit folgenden Oberbegriffen zusammenfassen lassen: Faire Wirtschafts- und Handelsbeziehungen, Sozial- und Umweltengagement, RegionalitĂ€t. Erste zertiïŹzierte Produkte sind seit Sommer 2008 auf dem Markt

    Untersuchung zur Bedeutung von STAT3 in der kutanen Abwehr

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    Die Haut ist permanent einer Vielzahl von potentiell pathogenen Mikroorganismen ausgesetzt. Die Epithelzellen der Haut sind in der Lage Mikroorganismen zu erkennen und nachfolgend eine Verteidigungsreaktion durch die Expression von AbwehrmolekĂŒlen zu initiieren. Über die beteiligten Signaltransduktionswege, die zur mikroorganismeninduzierten Expression von AbwehrmolekĂŒlen fĂŒhren, ist noch wenig bekannt. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Frage nachgegangen, in wieweit das SignaltransduktionsmolekĂŒl STAT3 die Expression von antimikrobiellen Peptiden (AMPs) und Zytokinen nach Stimulation von Keratinozyten mit Bakterien (Staphylococcus aureus) vermittelt. Eine Dysregulation des STAT3-Signalweges und eine daraus resultierende defekte epidermale Abwehr könnte zu einer erhöhten InfektanfĂ€lligkeit beitragen, so wie es in Patienten mit Mutationen im STAT3 Gen beschrieben wurde. Diese Patienten leiden unter dem so genannten Hyper-IgE-Syndrom (HIES) und haben neben Lungeninfektionen auch Infektionen der Haut, vor allem mit Staphylococcus aureus. In dieser Arbeit wurde genauer untersucht, inwieweit die STAT3 Mutation die Abwehrstrategien von Keratinozyten betrifft, um so die gestörte Abwehr der HIES-Patienten besser zu verstehen. Dazu wurde STAT3 mittels einer STAT3-siRNA und einem STAT3-Inhibitor in Keratinozyten und in Hautbiopsien herunterreguliert und die AMP- und Zytokinexpressionslevel mittels „real-time“-PCR analysiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mehrere AMPs (Psoriasin, hBD-3 und RNase 7) und IL-17C als wichtiges epidermales Zytokin durch die Stimulation mit Staphylococcus aureus induziert werden. Diese Induktion konnte durch die STAT3-Hemmung signifikant gemindert werden. Somit lĂ€sst sich schlussfolgern, dass die genannten Abwehrstoffe auch bei den HIES-Patienten weniger gebildet werden könnten. Dementsprechend liefert die hier vorliegende Arbeit Hinweise fĂŒr eine Dysregulation des epidermalen Abwehrsystems bei diesen Patienten und trĂ€gt zum VerstĂ€ndnis des Zusammenhangs zwischen STAT3-Mutation und erhöhter kutaner InfektanfĂ€lligkeit bei

    scMAR-Seq: a novel workflow for targeted single-cell genomics of microorganisms using radioactive labeling

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    Current methods for the identification of specific microorganisms based on an in situ metabolism are often hampered by insufficient sensitivity and habitat complexity. Here, we present a novel approach for identifying and sequencing single microbial cells metabolizing a specific organic compound with high sensitivity and without prior knowledge of the microbial community. The workflow consists of labeling individual cells with a [14^{14}C] substrate based on their metabolic activity, followed by encapsulating cells in alginate with nuclear emulsion by using microfluidics. We here adapted the concept of microautoradiography to visually distinguish between encapsulated labeled and non-labeled cells, which are then sorted via flow cytometry for single cell genomics. As a proof-of-concept, we labeled, separated, lysed, and sequenced single cells of the benzene degrader Pseudomonas veronii from mock microbial communities. The cells of P. veronii were isolated with 100% specificity. Single-cell microautoradiography and genome sequencing is an innovative method for elucidating microbial identity, activity, and function in diverse habitats, contributing to elucidate novel taxa and genes with potential for biotechnological applications such as bioremediation

    A Pathway towards Pt-free Cathodes in High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

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    The high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) has several advantages compared to its low temperature (LT) counterpart. The typical operation temperature of 160 °C enables an easier heat management, and the omission of humidification. However, due to the partial blocking of the cathodic and anodic Pt catalyst by phosphates from the phosphoric acid-doped membrane, higher catalyst loadings compared to LT-PEMFC of 0.86 mgPt cm-2 per electrode are commonly employed.[1] To increase the competitiveness of HT-PEMFCs implementation of Fe-N-Cs is a promising option for reduction of catalyst costs. In this study, we give an overview about the application of different Fe-N-C catalysts in Pt free HT-PEMFC cathodes.[2] Moreover, we show their application in hybrid PtNi/C+Fe N C cathodes.[1] The complete replacement of Pt catalyst by Fe N C in the cathode results in low performance[2] and a strong voltage decay within the first 60 hours of HT-PEMFC operation. In contrast, a hybrid MEA with reduced Pt-loading displayed a more comparable performance to commercial MEA (CeltecŸ-P1200) and constant voltage over 60 h. Furthermore, it was found that the typical activation procedure of HT-PEMFC MEAs (around 60 h constant load) is not sufficient for hybrid MEAs. There, a voltage increase over the first 240 h of operation was observed.[1] These results give the basis for further optimization of Pt-free Fe N C electrodes. Furthermore, the potential of hybrid MEAs for Pt-loading reduction in HT-PEMFC is pointed out

    Reactive microglia are the major source of tumor necrosis factor alpha and contribute to astrocyte dysfunction and acute seizures in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy.

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    Extensive microglia reactivity has been well described in human and experimental temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). To date, however, it is not clear whether and based on which molecular mechanisms microglia contribute to the development and progression of focal epilepsy. Astroglial gap junction coupled networks play an important role in regulating neuronal activity and loss of interastrocytic coupling causally contributes to TLE. Here, we show in the unilateral intracortical kainate (KA) mouse model of TLE that reactive microglia are primary producers of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and contribute to astrocyte dysfunction and severity of status epilepticus (SE). Immunohistochemical analyses revealed pronounced and persistent microglia reactivity, which already started 4 h after KA-induced SE. Partial depletion of microglia using a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor prevented early astrocyte uncoupling and attenuated the severity of SE, but increased the mortality of epileptic mice following surgery. Using microglia-specific inducible TNFα knockout mice we identified microglia as the major source of TNFα during early epileptogenesis. Importantly, microglia-specific TNFα knockout prevented SE-induced gap junction uncoupling in astrocytes. Continuous telemetric EEG recordings revealed that during the first 4 weeks after SE induction, microglial TNFα did not significantly contribute to spontaneous generalized seizure activity. Moreover, the absence of microglial TNFα did not affect the development of hippocampal sclerosis but attenuated gliosis. Taken together, these data implicate reactive microglia in astrocyte dysfunction and network hyperexcitability after an epileptogenic insult

    A social role for churches and cultural demarcation:how German MEPs represent religion in the European Parliament

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    This study deals with the question of how German members of the European Parliament (MEPs) represent the German model of religion–state relations at the European level. Based on a survey and interviews with German MEPs as well as a content-analysis of German MEPs’ speeches, motions and parliamentary questions during the seventh term of the European Parliament (EP), our study demonstrates that this model is represented in three dimensions. First, German MEPs reflect the close cooperation between the churches and the state in Germany, primarily on social issues, through largely church- and religion-friendly attitudes and relatively frequent contacts with religious interest-groups. Second, by referring to religious freedoms and minorities primarily outside the EU and by placing Islam in considerably more critical contexts than Christianity, German MEPs create a cultural demarcation line between Islam and Christianity through their parliamentary activities, which is similar to, though less politicised than, cultural boundaries often produced in public debates in Germany. Third, our study illustrates similar patterns of religious affiliation and subjective religiosity among German parliamentarians in both the EP and the national Parliament, which to some degree also reflect societal trends in Germany. Yet our data also suggest that European political elites are more religious than the average German population. If the presence of religion in terms of religious interest-groups and arguments is included, the EP appears to be more secularist than the German Parliament

    Intraligand Charge Transfer Enables Visible‐Light‐Mediated Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions

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    We demonstrate that several visible‐light‐mediated carbon−heteroatom cross‐coupling reactions can be carried out using a photoactive NiII precatalyst that forms in situ from a nickel salt and a bipyridine ligand decorated with two carbazole groups (Ni(Czbpy)Cl2). The activation of this precatalyst towards cross‐coupling reactions follows a hitherto undisclosed mechanism that is different from previously reported light‐responsive nickel complexes that undergo metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer. Theoretical and spectroscopic investigations revealed that irradiation of Ni(Czbpy)Cl2 with visible light causes an initial intraligand charge transfer event that triggers productive catalysis. Ligand polymerization affords a porous, recyclable organic polymer for heterogeneous nickel catalysis of cross‐coupling reactions. The heterogeneous catalyst shows stable performance in a packed‐bed flow reactor during a week of continuous operation

    Two carbon fluxes to reserve starch in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber cells are closely interconnected but differently modulated by temperature

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    Parenchyma cells from tubers of Solanum tuberosum L. convert several externally supplied sugars to starch but the rates vary largely. Conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to starch is exceptionally efficient. In this communication, tuber slices were incubated with either of four solutions containing equimolar [U-14C]glucose 1-phosphate, [U-14C]sucrose, [U-14C]glucose 1-phosphate plus unlabelled equimolar sucrose or [U-14C]sucrose plus unlabelled equimolar glucose 1-phosphate. 14C-incorporation into starch was monitored. In slices from freshly harvested tubers each unlabelled compound strongly enhanced 14C incorporation into starch indicating closely interacting paths of starch biosynthesis. However, enhancement disappeared when the tubers were stored. The two paths (and, consequently, the mutual enhancement effect) differ in temperature dependence. At lower temperatures, the glucose 1-phosphate-dependent path is functional, reaching maximal activity at approximately 20 °C but the flux of the sucrose-dependent route strongly increases above 20 °C. Results are confirmed by in vitro experiments using [U-14C]glucose 1-phosphate or adenosine-[U-14C]glucose and by quantitative zymograms of starch synthase or phosphorylase activity. In mutants almost completely lacking the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme(s), the glucose 1-phosphate-dependent path is largely impeded. Irrespective of the size of the granules, glucose 1-phosphate-dependent incorporation per granule surface area is essentially equal. Furthermore, within the granules no preference of distinct glucosyl acceptor sites was detectable. Thus, the path is integrated into the entire granule biosynthesis. In vitro 14C-incorporation into starch granules mediated by the recombinant plastidial phosphorylase isozyme clearly differed from the in situ results. Taken together, the data clearly demonstrate that two closely but flexibly interacting general paths of starch biosynthesis are functional in potato tuber cells

    The German National Registry of Primary Immunodeficiencies (2012-2017)

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    Introduction: The German PID-NET registry was founded in 2009, serving as the first national registry of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in Germany. It is part of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry. The primary purpose of the registry is to gather data on the epidemiology, diagnostic delay, diagnosis, and treatment of PIDs. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data was collected from 2,453 patients from 36 German PID centres in an online registry. Data was analysed with the software Stata¼ and Excel. Results: The minimum prevalence of PID in Germany is 2.72 per 100,000 inhabitants. Among patients aged 1–25, there was a clear predominance of males. The median age of living patients ranged between 7 and 40 years, depending on the respective PID. Predominantly antibody disorders were the most prevalent group with 57% of all 2,453 PID patients (including 728 CVID patients). A gene defect was identified in 36% of patients. Familial cases were observed in 21% of patients. The age of onset for presenting symptoms ranged from birth to late adulthood (range 0–88 years). Presenting symptoms comprised infections (74%) and immune dysregulation (22%). Ninety-three patients were diagnosed without prior clinical symptoms. Regarding the general and clinical diagnostic delay, no PID had undergone a slight decrease within the last decade. However, both, SCID and hyper IgE- syndrome showed a substantial improvement in shortening the time between onset of symptoms and genetic diagnosis. Regarding treatment, 49% of all patients received immunoglobulin G (IgG) substitution (70%—subcutaneous; 29%—intravenous; 1%—unknown). Three-hundred patients underwent at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Five patients had gene therapy. Conclusion: The German PID-NET registry is a precious tool for physicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, politicians, and ultimately the patients, for whom the outcomes will eventually lead to a more timely diagnosis and better treatment
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