Dilemmas of Sustainability: On Relevance and Critical Reflection in Sustainability Research; A Guide

The concept of sustainability is increasingly losing its contours. This study reflects on the understanding of sustainability used in research and science. Its authors thus enable us to concisely determine not only concrete contributions to sustainability, but also its limits. Based on an analytical understanding of sustainability and the basic structure of practical dilemmas, the book identifies typical conflicts as causes of dilemmas. Meta-criteria of sustainability allow us to identify dilemmas and to clarify and deal with them practically at an early stage. Finally, the study applies these meta-criteria in concrete project contexts by means of guiding questions for reflection.Der Begriff der Nachhaltigkeit verliert zunehmend an Kontur. Vor diesem Hintergrund gibt dieser Leitfaden die Möglichkeit, das jeweils verwendete Verständnis von Nachhaltigkeit in Forschung und Wissenschaft zu reflektieren und damit den konkreten Beitrag zu Nachhaltigkeit, aber auch die verbundenen Grenzen konkret festzustellen. Ausgehend von einem analytischen Nachhaltigkeitsverständnis und der Klärung der Grundstruktur praktischer Dilemmata benennt der Leitfaden typische Konflikte als Ursache von Dilemmata. Meta-Kriterien der Nachhaltigkeit erlauben, Dilemmata-Früherkennung, -Aufklärung und -Bearbeitung zu unterstützen. Diese werden abschließend mittels Reflexionsleitfaden für die Anwendung in konkreten Projektkontexten operationalisiert

ТЕХНОГЕННІ РОДОВИЩА ТА ЇХ КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ

На багатьох гірничодобувних підприємствах тих, що забезпечують мінера-льною сировиною чорну і кольорову металургію України та країн СНД, виник-ла проблема з розвіданими запасами. Резерв запасів багатьох видів корисних копалини на експлуатованих родовищах недостатній для забезпечення повної проектної потужності. Стан сировинних баз багатьох найважливіших гірничо-добувних регіонів і підприємств, що діють, різко погіршав у зв'язку з висна-женням запасів, зниженням їх якісних і економічних характеристик ускладнен-ням умов відробітку в результаті тривалої і інтенсивної експлуатації раніше освоєних родовищ. Основною причиною ситуації, що створилася, можна назва-ти зниження фінансування геологорозвідувальних робіт для освоєння нових ро-довищ необхідної мінеральної сировини

A preliminary study in osteoinduction by a nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite in the mini pig.

To test the probable osteoinductive properties of NanoBone, a new highly non-sintered porous nano-crystalline hydroxylapatite bone substitute embedded into a silica gel matrix, granules were implanted subcutaneously and intramuscularly into the back region of 18 mini pigs. After periods of 5 and 10 weeks as well as 4 and 8 months, implantation sites were investigated using histological and histomorphometric procedures. Signs of early osteogenesis could already be detected after 5 weeks. The later periods were characterized by increasing membranous osteogenesis in and around the granules leading to the formation of bone-like structures showing periosteal and tendon-like structures with bone marrow and focal chondrogenesis. Bone formation was better in the subcutaneous than in the intramuscular implantation sites. This ectopic osteogenesis is discussed with regard to the nanoporosity and microporosity of the material, physico-chemical interactions at its surface, the differentiation of osteoblasts, the role of angiogenesis and the probable involvement of growth factors. The results of this preliminary study indicate that this biomaterial has osteoinductive potential and induces the formation of bone structures, mainly in subcutaneous adipose tissue in the pig

Dilemmata der Nachhaltigkeit: Zur Relevanz und kritischen Reflexion in der Nachhaltigkeitsforschung; Ein Leitfaden

Der Begriff der Nachhaltigkeit verliert zunehmend an Kontur. Vor diesem Hintergrund gibt dieser Leitfaden die Möglichkeit, das jeweils verwendete Verständnis von Nachhaltigkeit in Forschung und Wissenschaft zu reflektieren und damit den konkreten Beitrag zu Nachhaltigkeit, aber auch die verbundenen Grenzen konkret festzustellen. Ausgehend von einem analytischen Nachhaltigkeitsverständnis und der Klärung der Grundstruktur praktischer Dilemmata benennt der Leitfaden typische Konflikte als Ursache von Dilemmata. Meta-Kriterien der Nachhaltigkeit erlauben, Dilemmata-Früherkennung, -Aufklärung und -Bearbeitung zu unterstützen. Diese werden abschließend mittels Reflexionsleitfaden für die Anwendung in konkreten Projektkontexten operationalisiert.The concept of sustainability is increasingly losing its contours. This study reflects on the understanding of sustainability used in research and science. Its authors thus enable us to concisely determine not only concrete contributions to sustainability, but also its limits. Based on an analytical understanding of sustainability and the basic structure of practical dilemmas, the book identifies typical conflicts as causes of dilemmas. Meta-criteria of sustainability allow us to identify dilemmas and to clarify and deal with them practically at an early stage. Finally, the study applies these meta-criteria in concrete project contexts by means of guiding questions for reflection

Exercise as an add-on treatment in individuals with schizophrenia: results from a large multicenter randomized controlled trial

Current treatment methods do not achieve recovery for most individuals with schizophrenia, and symptoms such as negative symptoms and cognitive deficits often persist. Aerobic endurance training has been suggested as a potential add-on treatment targeting both physical and mental health. We performed a large-scale multicenter, rater-blind, parallel-group randomized controlled clinical trial in individuals with stable schizophrenia. Participants underwent a professionally supervised six-month training comprising either aerobic endurance training (AET) or flexibility, strengthening, and balance training (FSBT, control group), follow-up was another six months. The primary endpoint was all-cause discontinuation (ACD); secondary endpoints included effects on psychopathology, cognition, functioning, and cardiovascular risk. In total, 180 participants were randomized. AET was not superior to FSBT in ACD and most secondary outcomes, with dropout rates of 59.55% and 57.14% in the six-month active phase, respectively. However, both groups showed significant improvements in positive, general, and total symptoms, levels of functioning and in cognitive performance. A higher training frequency additionally promoted further memory domains. Participants with higher baseline cognitive abilities were more likely to respond to the interventions. Our results support integrating exercise into schizophrenia treatment, while future studies should aim to develop personalized training recommendations to maximize exercise-induced benefits

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates lipid mediator production in alveolar macrophages

Allergic inflammation of the airways such as allergic asthma is a major health problem with growing incidence world-wide. One cardinal feature in severe type 2-dominated airway inflammation is the release of lipid mediators of the eicosanoid family that can either promote or dampen allergic inflammation. Macrophages are key producers of prostaglandins and leukotrienes which play diverse roles in allergic airway inflammation and thus require tight control. Using RNA- and ATAC-sequencing, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), enzyme immunoassays (EIA), gene expression analysis and in vivo models, we show that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) contributes to this control via transcriptional regulation of lipid mediator synthesis enzymes in bone marrow-derived as well as in primary alveolar macrophages. In the absence or inhibition of AhR activity, multiple genes of both the prostaglandin and the leukotriene pathway were downregulated, resulting in lower synthesis of prostanoids, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and cysteinyl leukotrienes, e.g., Leukotriene C4 (LTC4). These AhR-dependent genes include PTGS1 encoding for the enzyme cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1) and ALOX5 encoding for the arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) both of which major upstream regulators of the prostanoid and leukotriene pathway, respectively. This regulation is independent of the activation stimulus and partially also detectable in unstimulated macrophages suggesting an important role of basal AhR activity for eicosanoid production in steady state macrophages. Lastly, we demonstrate that AhR deficiency in hematopoietic but not epithelial cells aggravates house dust mite induced allergic airway inflammation. These results suggest an essential role for AhR-dependent eicosanoid regulation in macrophages during homeostasis and inflammation

Inventing a herbal tradition: The complex roots of the current popularity of Epilobium angustifolium in Eastern Europe

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Currently various scientific and popular sources provide a wide spectrum of ethnopharmacological information on many plants, yet the sources of that information, as well as the information itself, are often not clear, potentially resulting in the erroneous use of plants among lay people or even in official medicine. Our field studies in seven countries on the Eastern edge of Europe have revealed an unusual increase in the medicinal use of Epilobium angustifolium L., especially in Estonia, where the majority of uses were specifically related to “men's problems”. The aim of the current work is: to understand the recent and sudden increase in the interest in the use of E. angustifolium in Estonia; to evaluate the extent of documented traditional use of E. angustifolium among sources of knowledge considered traditional; to track different sources describing (or attributed as describing) the benefits of E. angustifolium; and to detect direct and indirect influences of the written sources on the currently documented local uses of E. angustifolium on the Eastern edge of Europe. Materials and methods: In this study we used a variety of methods: semi-structured interviews with 599 people in 7 countries, historical data analysis and historical ethnopharmacological source analysis. We researched historical and archival sources, and academic and popular literature published on the medicinal use of E. angustifolium in the regions of our field sites as well as internationally, paying close attention to the literature that might have directly or indirectly contributed to the popularity of E. angustifolium at different times in history. Results: Our results show that the sudden and recent popularity in the medical use of E. angustifolium in Estonia has been caused by local popular authors with academic medical backgrounds, relying simultaneously on “western” and Russian sources. While Russian sources have propagated (partially unpublished) results from the 1930s, “western” sources are scientific insights derived from the popularization of other Epilobium species by Austrian herbalist Maria Treben. The information Treben disseminated could have been originated from a previous peak in popularity of E. angustifolium in USA in the second half of the 19th century, caused in turn by misinterpretation of ancient herbals. The traditional uses of E. angustifolium were related to wounds and skin diseases, fever, pain (headache, sore throat, childbirth), and abdominal-related problems (constipation, stomach ache) and intestinal bleeding. Few more uses were based on the similarity principle. The main theme, however, is the fragmentation of use and its lack of consistency apart from wounds and skin diseases. Conclusions: Historical ethnobotanical investigations could help to avoid creating repeating waves of popularity of plants that have already been tried for certain diseases and later abandoned as not fully effective. There is, of course, a chance that E. angustifolium could also finally be proven to be clinically safe and cost-effective for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, but this has not yet happened despite recent intensive research. Documented traditional use would suggest investigating the dermatological, intestinal anti-hemorrhagic and pain inhibiting properties of this plant, if any