11 research outputs found

    Preparation of Cyclobutene Acetals and Tricyclic Oxetanes through Photochemical Tandem and Cascade Reactions

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    We describe a photochemical reaction using two starting materials, a cyclopent-2-enone and an alkene, which are transformed in a controlled manner via the initial [2+2]-photocycloaddition adducts into cyclobutene aldehydes (conveniently trapped as stable acetals) or unprecedented angular tricyclic 4:4:4 oxetane-containing skeletons. These compounds are formed through tandem or triple cascade photochemical reaction processes, respectively. Small libraries of each compound class were prepared, thus suggesting that this photochemistry approach opens new opportunities for synthesis design and for widening molecular diversity

    Photochimie des cyclopentenones : au-delĂ  de la photocycloaddition [2+2]

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    The aim of this project was to explore the scope and limitations of a tandem photochemical process, consisting of a [2+2] cycloaddition between cyclopentenones and alkenes followed by a Norrish I/Îł-hydrogen transfer reaction if the initial bicyclic adduct is formed. Using standard synthetic procedures, a small library of cyclopentenone substrates was prepared. The development of new methods to access substituted cyclopentenones, using organocatalyzed aldolisation conditions, was considered; however, these efforts were unfruitful.The photochemical studies showed that a selection of cyclopentenones and alkenes could react together to furnish cyclobutene aldehydes with average to good yields. The reaction conditions were optimized for the formation of this specific compound type, and some of the limitations as regards substrate diversity were determined. In some cases, control of the regioselectivity of the Norrish-I process was problematic.In course of the study, it was discovered that some of these cyclobutene aldehydes could themselves react photochemically, via an intramolecular PaternĂČ–BĂŒchi reaction, to form hitherto unknown tricyclic oxetanes. This constitutes a one-pot triple photochemical reaction sequence between the starting cyclopenenones and alkenes. Conditions were optimized for this transformation and several examples prepared. The tricyclic core structure was studied in detail, in both solution and the solid state, revealing that the formation had been highly diastereoselective in some examples. Some limitations, arising from steric hindrance and/or use of electron rich alkenes, constituted a limitation of the scope of the process.L’objectif de ce projet a Ă©tĂ© d’explorer les limites et les possibilitĂ©s d’une rĂ©action tandem photochimique, composĂ©e d’une cycloaddition [2+2] entre des cyclopentenones et des alcĂšnes, suivie d’une Norrish I/transfert du Îł-hydrogen si l’adduit bicyclique se forme.En utilisant des procĂ©dures de la littĂ©rature, une petite bibliothĂšque de cyclopentenones fut prĂ©parĂ©e. Le developpement de mĂ©thodes permettant l’accĂšs Ă  des cyclopentenones substituĂ©es, par des rĂ©actions d’aldolisation organocatalysĂ©es, fut explorĂ©e sans succĂšs.Des Ă©tudes photochimiques menĂ©es sur une selection de cyclopentenones et d’alcĂšnes ont montrĂ© qu’ils pouvaient rĂ©agir ensemble pour fournir des cyclobutĂšne aldehydes avec des moyens Ă  bons rendements. Les conditions rĂ©actionnelles furent optimisĂ©es pour la formation de ce composĂ© et quelques unes des limites en termes de susbtrat furent dĂ©terminĂ©es. Dans certains cas, un problĂšme de rĂ©giosĂ©lectivitĂ© de la rĂ©action de Norrish I furent constatĂ©s. Durant le cette Ă©tude, il fut dĂ©couvert que certains de ces cyclobutĂšne aldĂ©hydes pouvaient eux-mĂȘmes rĂ©agir photochimiquement par une rĂ©action de PaternĂČ–BĂŒchi intramolĂ©culaire pour mener Ă  des oxĂ©tanes tricycliques totalement inĂ©dits. Ceci reprĂ©sente une sĂ©quence one-pot de trois rĂ©actions photochimiques entre la cyclopentenone de dĂ©part et l’alcĂšne. Les conditions opĂ©ratoires furent optimisĂ©es pour cette transformation et plusieurs exemples furent prĂ©parĂ©s. La structure centrale tricyclique fut Ă©tudiĂ©e en dĂ©tail, en solution et dans l’état solide, montrant que la formation de ces oxĂ©tanes Ă©tait hautement diastĂ©rĂ©oselective dans certains exemples. Certaines limitations, dĂ©coulant de gĂšne stĂ©rique et/ou l’utilisation d’alcĂšnes Ă©lectroniquement riches, constituent une limite Ă  la portĂ©e de cette rĂ©action.Questo progetto ѐ nato con l’obiettivo di sviluppare un processo tandem fotochimico, costituito da una cicloaddizione [2+2] tra olefine e substrati ciclopentenonici, seguita da una reazione di Norrish-I / trasferimento di Îł-idrogeno sul prodotto biciclico ottenuto. Usando procedure standard, ѐ stata preparata una libreria di substrati ciclopentenonici da testare in questo processo. Lo studio di nuove metodologie organocatalitiche per la sintesi di tali substrati ѐ stato inoltre intrapreso, sfortunatamente senza buoni risultati.Lo studio di questo processo ha mostrato come una serie di ciclopentenoni sia effettivamente in grado di reagire con doppi legami olefinici, portando alla formazione di derivati aldeidici ciclobutenici, con discrete o buone rese. Le condizioni di reazione sono state ottimizzate per la formazione di questa classe di composti, e alcune limitazioni relative alla struttura del substrato sono emerse da questi studi. In alcuni casi, infatti, il controllo della regioselettivitĂ  della reazione di Norrish-I si ѐ rivelato problematico.Durante tale studio, ѐ apparso che alcune delle aldeidi ciclobuteniche ottenute si sono rivelate in grado di reagire ulteriormente in condizioni fotochimiche, attraverso una reazione di PaternĂČ–BĂŒchi intramolecolare, portando alla formazione di ossetani triciclici finora sconosciuti. CiĂČ costituisce in ultima analisi un triplo processo fotochimico one-pot a partire da ciclopentenoni e alcheni. Anche le condizioni di reazione per questa sequenza sono state ottimizzate e alcuni esempi sono stati preparati e isolati. La struttura triciclica di questi nuovi composti e stata caratterizzata nel dettaglio, sia in soluzione che allo stato solido, rivelando un’elevata diastereoselettivitĂ  in diversi casi. La presenza di gruppi stericamente ingombranti, o l’uso di olefine elettronricche, si sono dimostrati tuttavia una limitazione alla sintesi di queste interessanti strutture

    Photochimie des cyclopentenones (au-delĂ  de la photocycloaddition [2+2])

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    L objectif de ce projet a Ă©tĂ© d explorer les limites et les possibilitĂ©s d une rĂ©action tandem photochimique, composĂ©e d une cycloaddition [2+2] entre des cyclopentenones et des alcĂšnes, suivie d une Norrish I/transfert du g-hydrogen si l adduit bicyclique se forme.En utilisant des procĂ©dures de la littĂ©rature, une petite bibliothĂšque de cyclopentenones fut prĂ©parĂ©e. Le developpement de mĂ©thodes permettant l accĂšs Ă  des cyclopentenones substituĂ©es, par des rĂ©actions d aldolisation organocatalysĂ©es, fut explorĂ©e sans succĂšs.Des Ă©tudes photochimiques menĂ©es sur une selection de cyclopentenones et d alcĂšnes ont montrĂ© qu ils pouvaient rĂ©agir ensemble pour fournir des cyclobutĂšne aldehydes avec des moyens Ă  bons rendements. Les conditions rĂ©actionnelles furent optimisĂ©es pour la formation de ce composĂ© et quelques unes des limites en termes de susbtrat furent dĂ©terminĂ©es. Dans certains cas, un problĂšme de rĂ©giosĂ©lectivitĂ© de la rĂ©action de Norrish I furent constatĂ©s. Durant le cette Ă©tude, il fut dĂ©couvert que certains de ces cyclobutĂšne aldĂ©hydes pouvaient eux-mĂȘmes rĂ©agir photochimiquement par une rĂ©action de PaternĂČ BĂŒchi intramolĂ©culaire pour mener Ă  des oxĂ©tanes tricycliques totalement inĂ©dits. Ceci reprĂ©sente une sĂ©quence one-pot de trois rĂ©actions photochimiques entre la cyclopentenone de dĂ©part et l alcĂšne. Les conditions opĂ©ratoires furent optimisĂ©es pour cette transformation et plusieurs exemples furent prĂ©parĂ©s. La structure centrale tricyclique fut Ă©tudiĂ©e en dĂ©tail, en solution et dans l Ă©tat solide, montrant que la formation de ces oxĂ©tanes Ă©tait hautement diastĂ©rĂ©oselective dans certains exemples. Certaines limitations, dĂ©coulant de gĂšne stĂ©rique et/ou l utilisation d alcĂšnes Ă©lectroniquement riches, constituent une limite Ă  la portĂ©e de cette rĂ©action.The aim of this project was to explore the scope and limitations of a tandem photochemical process, consisting of a [2+2] cycloaddition between cyclopentenones and alkenes followed by a Norrish I/g-hydrogen transfer reaction if the initial bicyclic adduct is formed. Using standard synthetic procedures, a small library of cyclopentenone substrates was prepared. The development of new methods to access substituted cyclopentenones, using organocatalyzed aldolisation conditions, was considered; however, these efforts were unfruitful.The photochemical studies showed that a selection of cyclopentenones and alkenes could react together to furnish cyclobutene aldehydes with average to good yields. The reaction conditions were optimized for the formation of this specific compound type, and some of the limitations as regards substrate diversity were determined. In some cases, control of the regioselectivity of the Norrish-I process was problematic.In course of the study, it was discovered that some of these cyclobutene aldehydes could themselves react photochemically, via an intramolecular PaternĂČ BĂŒchi reaction, to form hitherto unknown tricyclic oxetanes. This constitutes a one-pot triple photochemical reaction sequence between the starting cyclopenenones and alkenes. Conditions were optimized for this transformation and several examples prepared. The tricyclic core structure was studied in detail, in both solution and the solid state, revealing that the formation had been highly diastereoselective in some examples. Some limitations, arising from steric hindrance and/or use of electron rich alkenes, constituted a limitation of the scope of the process.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. Ă©lectronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    C 1 -Symmetric Monosubstituted Chiral Diene Ligands in Asymmetric Rhodium-Catalyzed 1,4-Addition Reactions

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    One trumps two: Monosubstituted chiral bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene ligands, derived from carvone, form complexes with rhodium to catalyze the asymmetric addition of boronic acid substrates to α,ÎČ-unsaturated ketones. The 1,4-adducts are produced in good yield and high enantioselectivity

    Le doctorat en FranceRegards croisés sur la formation doctorale

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    A survey by the National Network of Doctoral Colleges (NNDC), in French doctoral schools, of doctoral students enrolled in a doctorate in 2021 and their supervisors.Une enquĂȘte du rĂ©seau national des collĂšges doctoraux (RNCD), dans les Ă©coles doctorales françaises, auprĂšs des doctorantes et des doctorants inscrits en doctorat en 2021 et de leurs encadrantes et encadrants

    Le doctorat en France. Regards croisĂ©s des doctorants et de leurs encadrants: Une enquĂȘte du rĂ©seau national des collĂšges doctoraux (RNCD), dans les Ă©coles doctorales françaises, auprĂšs des doctorants inscrits en doctorat en 2022-2023 et auprĂšs de leurs encadrants

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    This report presents the results of the 2023 survey conducted by the national network of doctoral colleges between 16 January and 17 February 2023 among doctoral candidates enrolled in doctoral programs during the 2022-2023 academic year and their supervisors. 13412 doctoral students (i.e. 19% of all doctoral students) responded to the survey, an increase of 16% compared to the first edition of this survey. 7803 responses were also received from their supervisors, an increase of 34%. The first objective of the survey was to provide food for thought on the concrete actions to be taken by the doctoral colleges to improve the practices, conditions and range of doctoral training, and to establish a diagnosis in order to identify avenues for improvement and guide the action of the doctoral colleges. The second objective was to update the general picture of the doctorate in France today, its importance for the relations between science and society, based on feedback from doctoral candidates and their supervisors, from the choice of subject to the preparation of the post-defense phase. This photograph is intended for all those who might be considering preparing a doctorate themselves, for those who support and train them, and for those who might be considering recruiting PhDs and calling in the academic or non-academic sector.Ce rapport prĂ©sente les rĂ©sultats de l’enquĂȘte 2023 du rĂ©seau national des collĂšges doctoraux, rĂ©alisĂ©e entre le 16 janvier et le 17 fĂ©vrier 2023 auprĂšs des doctorants, inscrits en doctorat au cours de l’annĂ©e universitaire 2022-2023 et auprĂšs de leurs encadrants. 13412 doctorantes et doctorants (soit 19% de l’ensemble des doctorants) ont rĂ©pondu Ă  l’enquĂȘte, en augmentation de 16% par rapport Ă  la premiĂšre Ă©dition de cette enquĂȘte. 7803 rĂ©ponses de leurs encadrants ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es, en augmentation de 34%. Le premier objectif Ă©tait d’alimenter la rĂ©flexion sur les actions concrĂštes Ă  mener par les collĂšges doctoraux pour amĂ©liorer les pratiques, les conditions et l'offre de formation doctorale et de poser un diagnostic pour identifier des pistes d’amĂ©lioration et orienter l’action des collĂšges doctoraux. Le second objectif Ă©tait d’actualiser la reprĂ©sentation gĂ©nĂ©rale de ce qu’est le doctorat en France aujourd’hui, de son importance pour la recherche et pour le lien entre science et sociĂ©tĂ©, Ă  partir des retours des doctorants et de leurs encadrants, depuis le choix du sujet jusqu’à la prĂ©paration de l’aprĂšs soutenance. Cette photographie est destinĂ©e Ă  tous ceux qui pourraient se poser la question de prĂ©parer eux-mĂȘmes un doctorat, Ă  ceux qui les accompagnent et les forment, ainsi qu’à ceux qui pourraient envisager de recruter des docteurs, de faire appel Ă  leur expertise et Ă  leurs compĂ©tences dans le secteur acadĂ©mique ou en dehors du secteur acadĂ©mique

    Le doctorat en France. Regards croisĂ©s des doctorants et de leurs encadrants: Une enquĂȘte du rĂ©seau national des collĂšges doctoraux (RNCD), dans les Ă©coles doctorales françaises, auprĂšs des doctorants inscrits en doctorat en 2022-2023 et auprĂšs de leurs encadrants

    No full text
    This report presents the results of the 2023 survey conducted by the national network of doctoral colleges between 16 January and 17 February 2023 among doctoral candidates enrolled in doctoral programs during the 2022-2023 academic year and their supervisors. 13412 doctoral students (i.e. 19% of all doctoral students) responded to the survey, an increase of 16% compared to the first edition of this survey. 7803 responses were also received from their supervisors, an increase of 34%. The first objective of the survey was to provide food for thought on the concrete actions to be taken by the doctoral colleges to improve the practices, conditions and range of doctoral training, and to establish a diagnosis in order to identify avenues for improvement and guide the action of the doctoral colleges. The second objective was to update the general picture of the doctorate in France today, its importance for the relations between science and society, based on feedback from doctoral candidates and their supervisors, from the choice of subject to the preparation of the post-defense phase. This photograph is intended for all those who might be considering preparing a doctorate themselves, for those who support and train them, and for those who might be considering recruiting PhDs and calling in the academic or non-academic sector.Ce rapport prĂ©sente les rĂ©sultats de l’enquĂȘte 2023 du rĂ©seau national des collĂšges doctoraux, rĂ©alisĂ©e entre le 16 janvier et le 17 fĂ©vrier 2023 auprĂšs des doctorants, inscrits en doctorat au cours de l’annĂ©e universitaire 2022-2023 et auprĂšs de leurs encadrants. 13412 doctorantes et doctorants (soit 19% de l’ensemble des doctorants) ont rĂ©pondu Ă  l’enquĂȘte, en augmentation de 16% par rapport Ă  la premiĂšre Ă©dition de cette enquĂȘte. 7803 rĂ©ponses de leurs encadrants ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es, en augmentation de 34%. Le premier objectif Ă©tait d’alimenter la rĂ©flexion sur les actions concrĂštes Ă  mener par les collĂšges doctoraux pour amĂ©liorer les pratiques, les conditions et l'offre de formation doctorale et de poser un diagnostic pour identifier des pistes d’amĂ©lioration et orienter l’action des collĂšges doctoraux. Le second objectif Ă©tait d’actualiser la reprĂ©sentation gĂ©nĂ©rale de ce qu’est le doctorat en France aujourd’hui, de son importance pour la recherche et pour le lien entre science et sociĂ©tĂ©, Ă  partir des retours des doctorants et de leurs encadrants, depuis le choix du sujet jusqu’à la prĂ©paration de l’aprĂšs soutenance. Cette photographie est destinĂ©e Ă  tous ceux qui pourraient se poser la question de prĂ©parer eux-mĂȘmes un doctorat, Ă  ceux qui les accompagnent et les forment, ainsi qu’à ceux qui pourraient envisager de recruter des docteurs, de faire appel Ă  leur expertise et Ă  leurs compĂ©tences dans le secteur acadĂ©mique ou en dehors du secteur acadĂ©mique

    Modulable and Highly Diastereoselective Carbometalations of Cyclopropenes

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    International audienceThe copper-catalyzed carbomagnesiation reaction of cyclopropenyl esters 1 leads to various substituted cyclopropanes species 3 in good yields with very high diastereoselectivities. The reaction proceeds through a syn-chelated carbomagnesiation reaction and could be extended to various cyclopropenylmethyl ester derivatives 5. The potential of this approach was illustrated by the preparation of two consecutive all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. However, the carbometalation reaction needs to be performed at temperature ranging from -35 to -20 degrees C to avoid subsequent fragmentation reaction into stereodefined ,-nonconjugated unsaturated esters 4. Alternatively, the carbocupration reaction with organocopper species could also be performed to leads to configurationally stable cyclopropyl copper species2[Cu]. Additionally, when the Lewis acid character of the copper center is decreased (i.e., RCuCNLi), the reaction proceed with an anti-selectivity. The diastereodivergent behavior of these organometallic species is of synthetic interest, since both diastereomers syn-3 and anti-3 can be obtained, at will, from the same precursor cyclopropenyl esters 1
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