The Influence of Faulting on Hydrocarbon Migration in the Kupe Area, South Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

Faults play an important role in petroleum systems as both barriers and conduits to the flow of hydrocarbons. An understanding of the relationship between fluid and gas migration and accumulation, and faulting is often required during hydrocarbon exploration and production, and CO2 storage. While methods for predicting across-fault flow are well advanced (e.g. Yielding et al., 1997; Manzocchi et al., 1999), current geomechanical and geometrical methods for predicting the locations of up-fault (up-dip) hydrocarbon migration (and leakage) are relatively untested. This thesis investigates the relationships between up-sequence gas migration in the form of gas chimneys and Pliocene to Recent normal faults in the Kupe Area, South Taranaki Basin. It undertakes studies of the Kupe Area’s structural development, examines spatial relationships between faults and gas chimneys, tests current geomechanical and geometrical models to predict up-dip gas flow in faults, and investigates the outcrop expression of fault structure below seismic reflection data resolution and gas flux rates at an onshore site of fault-related gas leakage. Data for this study are provided by highquality 2D and 3D seismic reflection lines (tied to stratigraphy in fifteen wells), and outcrop of Miocene and Oligocene strata in coastal cliff sections, together with methane concentration and flux measurements. Structural development in the Kupe Area was complex and provides a near complete record of deformation since the Late Cretaceous (~85 Ma). Basin strata up to 9 km thick record four main periods of deformation that reflect changing plate boundary configurations. Fault reactivation was common in the Kupe Area, with the locations and orientations of pre-existing faults strongly influencing the locations and geometries of younger faults and folds. Pliocene to Recent normal faults are highly segmented with low strain, consistent with an immature fault system in which fault lengths were established rapidly and subsequent fault growth was mainly achieved by accumulation of displacement. Plio-Pleistocene to Recent reactivation of Cretaceous rift faults provides conduits for gas migration from below the regional top seal in the Kupe Area into shallow strata and results in up-dip gas migration within the Plio-Pleistocene to Recent fault zones. These late-stage normal faults (younger than 4 Ma) are shown to have a strong spatial relationship with gas chimneys suggesting that fault zones are capable of producing channelised pathways for up-dip hydrocarbon migration. Fifteen of seventeen gas iii chimneys within the study area are rooted within fault zones. All of these fifteen faultrelated gas chimneys occur at geometrical complexities in fault structure (i.e. relay zones, lateral fault tips or fault intersections). Geometrical complexities are associated with locally high throw gradients which are inferred to be accompanied by off-fault strain in the form of fractures and/or bedding rotation. Three geomechanical modelling techniques (Slip Tendency, Dilation Tendency and Fracture Stability) for predicting the locations of up-fault hydrocarbon flow (leakage) are tested using the spatial distribution of gas chimneys and Pliocene to Recent normal faults in the Kupe Area. Slip Tendency, Dilation Tendency and Fracture Stability data for all of the faults analysed predict comparable likelihoods of gas migration on chimney and non-chimney sections of the fault surfaces and therefore do not provide a robust basis for predicting where on fault surfaces channelised up-dip gas flow will occur. Field-based observations of faults show that fractures observed in outcrop and below seismic reflection data resolution are localised around bends, steps and intersections of faults and show evidence of fluid flow post fault activity. In north Taranaki these fault complexities are present in a lateral equivalent to the Otaraoa top seal and, if present in the Kupe Area, are also likely to induce up-sequence gas migration through fracture networks. Methane concentrations measured at one site (Bristol Road Quarry) along the Inglewood Fault suggest that gas flux rates up faults may not be uniform over time. Based on the measured gas flux rates gas chimneys in the Kupe Area may form in association with gas migration in a series of discrete events lasting from days to years, with possible gas flows at the seabed of ~930 ft3 per chimney per day or 0.34 million ft3 per year

Why “intergenerational feminist media studies”?

Feminism and generation are live and ideologically freighted issues that are subject to a substantial amount of media engagement. The figure of the millennial and the baby boomer, for example, regularly circulate in mainstream media, often accompanied by hyperbolic and vitriolic discourses and affects of intergenerational feminist conflict. In addition, theories of feminist generation and waves have been and continue to be extensively critiqued within feminist theory. Given the compelling criticisms directed at these categories, we ask: why bother examining and foregrounding issues of generation, intergeneration, and transgeneration in feminist media studies? Whilst remaining sceptical of linearity and familial metaphors and of repeating reductive, heteronormative, and racist versions of feminist movements, we believe that the concept of generation does have critical purchase for feminist media scholars. Indeed, precisely because of the problematic ways that is it used, and the prevalence of it as a volatile, yet only too palpable, organizing category, generation is both in need of continual critical analysis, and is an important tool to be used—with care and nuance—when examining the multiple routes through which power functions in order to marginalize, reward, and oppress. Exploring both diachronic and synchronic understandings of generation, this article emphasizes the use of conjunctural analysis to excavate the specific historical conditions that impact upon and create generation. This special issue of Feminist Media Studies covers a range of media forms—film, games, digital media, television, print media, as well as practices of media production, intervention, and representation. The articles also explore how figures at particular lifestages—particularly the girl and the aging woman—are constructed relationally, and circulate, within media, with particular attention to sexuality. Throughout the issue there is an emphasis on exploring the ways in which the category of generation is mobilized in order to gloss sexism, racism, ageism, class oppression, and the effects of neoliberalism

Academic boredom among students in higher education: a mixed-methods exploration of characteristics, contributors and consequences

Academic boredom contributes usually adversely towards student engagement, learning and overall performance across a diverse range of settings including universities. The formal study of academic boredom in higher education remains, however, a relatively underdeveloped field and one surprisingly neglected in the UK. Adopting contemporary perspectives rooted in Control-Value Theory, details of a mixed-methods exploration of academic boredom among 235 final year undergraduates attending a single university in England are presented. Quantitative data from the principal survey instrument employed included measurement using the BPS-UKHE, a revised boredom proneness scale developed for use across the sector. Qualitative data arose primarily from ten research interviews. Findings indicate that about half of all respondents reported experiencing the most common precursors of academic boredom at least occasionally (e.g. monotony, repetition, time slowing down, lack of desire for challenge, loss of concentration and motivation to learn, restlessness); traditional lectures with a perceived excess and inappropriate use of PowerPoint stimulating the actual onset of boredom more than other interactive forms of delivery. Coping strategies when bored included daydreaming, texting and turning to social media. Boredom also occurred during the completion of assignments used to assess modules. Quantitative and qualitative differences between those identified as more prone to boredom than others extended to self-study (fewer hours), attendance (good rather than excellent) and final degree outcome (lower marks and a lower proportion of first and upper second class degree awards). Findings are considered valuable empirically, as well as theoretically, leading to recommendations surrounding boredom mitigation which challenge cultural traditions and pedagogical norms

Antagonism of the Azoles to Olorofim and Cross-Resistance Are Governed by Linked Transcriptional Networks in Aspergillus fumigatus

Aspergillosis, in its various manifestations, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Very few classes of antifungal drugs have been approved for clinical use to treat these diseases and resistance to the first-line therapeutic class, the triazoles are increasing. A new class of antifungals that target pyrimidine biosynthesis, the orotomides, are currently in development with the first compound in this class, olorofim in late-stage clinical trials. In this study, we identified an antagonistic action of the triazoles on the action of olorofim. We showed that this antagonism was the result of an azole-induced upregulation of the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. Intriguingly, we showed that loss of function in the higher order transcription factor, HapB a member of the heterotrimeric HapB/C/E (CBC) complex or the regulator of nitrogen metabolic genes AreA, led to cross-resistance to both the azoles and olorofim, indicating that factors that govern resistance were under common regulatory control. However, the loss of azole-induced antagonism required decoupling of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway in a manner independent of the action of a single transcription factor. Our study provided evidence for complex transcriptional crosstalk between the pyrimidine and ergosterol biosynthetic pathways. IMPORTANCE: Aspergillosis is a spectrum of diseases and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. To treat these diseases, there are a few classes of antifungal drugs approved for clinical use. Resistance to the first line treatment, the azoles, is increasing. The first antifungal, olorofim, which is in the novel class of orotomides, is currently in development. Here, we showed an antagonistic effect between the azoles and olorofim, which was a result of dysregulation of the pyrimidine pathway, the target of olorofim, and the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, the target of the azoles.This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust grant number 219551/Z/19/Z and 208396/Z/17/Z to M.J.B. C.V. was funded by a postdoctoral fellowship from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP-BEPE 2020/01131-5).S

Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans

Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in most infected individuals 10–15 d after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. However, due to the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population, it is not known how long antibody responses will be maintained or whether they will provide protection from reinfection. Using sequential serum samples collected up to 94 d post onset of symptoms (POS) from 65 individuals with real-time quantitative PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, we show seroconversion (immunoglobulin (Ig)M, IgA, IgG) in >95% of cases and neutralizing antibody responses when sampled beyond 8 d POS. We show that the kinetics of the neutralizing antibody response is typical of an acute viral infection, with declining neutralizing antibody titres observed after an initial peak, and that the magnitude of this peak is dependent on disease severity. Although some individuals with high peak infective dose (ID50 > 10,000) maintained neutralizing antibody titres >1,000 at >60 d POS, some with lower peak ID50 had neutralizing antibody titres approaching baseline within the follow-up period. A similar decline in neutralizing antibody titres was observed in a cohort of 31 seropositive healthcare workers. The present study has important implications when considering widespread serological testing and antibody protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2, and may suggest that vaccine boosters are required to provide long-lasting protection

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

The Influence of Faulting on Hydrocarbon Migration in the Kupe Area, South Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

Faults play an important role in petroleum systems as both barriers and conduits to the flow of hydrocarbons. An understanding of the relationship between fluid and gas migration and accumulation, and faulting is often required during hydrocarbon exploration and production, and CO2 storage. While methods for predicting across-fault flow are well advanced (e.g. Yielding et al., 1997; Manzocchi et al., 1999), current geomechanical and geometrical methods for predicting the locations of up-fault (up-dip) hydrocarbon migration (and leakage) are relatively untested. This thesis investigates the relationships between up-sequence gas migration in the form of gas chimneys and Pliocene to Recent normal faults in the Kupe Area, South Taranaki Basin. It undertakes studies of the Kupe Area’s structural development, examines spatial relationships between faults and gas chimneys, tests current geomechanical and geometrical models to predict up-dip gas flow in faults, and investigates the outcrop expression of fault structure below seismic reflection data resolution and gas flux rates at an onshore site of fault-related gas leakage. Data for this study are provided by highquality 2D and 3D seismic reflection lines (tied to stratigraphy in fifteen wells), and outcrop of Miocene and Oligocene strata in coastal cliff sections, together with methane concentration and flux measurements. Structural development in the Kupe Area was complex and provides a near complete record of deformation since the Late Cretaceous (~85 Ma). Basin strata up to 9 km thick record four main periods of deformation that reflect changing plate boundary configurations. Fault reactivation was common in the Kupe Area, with the locations and orientations of pre-existing faults strongly influencing the locations and geometries of younger faults and folds. Pliocene to Recent normal faults are highly segmented with low strain, consistent with an immature fault system in which fault lengths were established rapidly and subsequent fault growth was mainly achieved by accumulation of displacement. Plio-Pleistocene to Recent reactivation of Cretaceous rift faults provides conduits for gas migration from below the regional top seal in the Kupe Area into shallow strata and results in up-dip gas migration within the Plio-Pleistocene to Recent fault zones. These late-stage normal faults (younger than 4 Ma) are shown to have a strong spatial relationship with gas chimneys suggesting that fault zones are capable of producing channelised pathways for up-dip hydrocarbon migration. Fifteen of seventeen gas iii chimneys within the study area are rooted within fault zones. All of these fifteen faultrelated gas chimneys occur at geometrical complexities in fault structure (i.e. relay zones, lateral fault tips or fault intersections). Geometrical complexities are associated with locally high throw gradients which are inferred to be accompanied by off-fault strain in the form of fractures and/or bedding rotation. Three geomechanical modelling techniques (Slip Tendency, Dilation Tendency and Fracture Stability) for predicting the locations of up-fault hydrocarbon flow (leakage) are tested using the spatial distribution of gas chimneys and Pliocene to Recent normal faults in the Kupe Area. Slip Tendency, Dilation Tendency and Fracture Stability data for all of the faults analysed predict comparable likelihoods of gas migration on chimney and non-chimney sections of the fault surfaces and therefore do not provide a robust basis for predicting where on fault surfaces channelised up-dip gas flow will occur. Field-based observations of faults show that fractures observed in outcrop and below seismic reflection data resolution are localised around bends, steps and intersections of faults and show evidence of fluid flow post fault activity. In north Taranaki these fault complexities are present in a lateral equivalent to the Otaraoa top seal and, if present in the Kupe Area, are also likely to induce up-sequence gas migration through fracture networks. Methane concentrations measured at one site (Bristol Road Quarry) along the Inglewood Fault suggest that gas flux rates up faults may not be uniform over time. Based on the measured gas flux rates gas chimneys in the Kupe Area may form in association with gas migration in a series of discrete events lasting from days to years, with possible gas flows at the seabed of ~930 ft3 per chimney per day or 0.34 million ft3 per year

The Influence of Faulting on Hydrocarbon Migration in the Kupe Area, South Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

Faults play an important role in petroleum systems as both barriers and conduits to the flow of hydrocarbons. An understanding of the relationship between fluid and gas migration and accumulation, and faulting is often required during hydrocarbon exploration and production, and CO2 storage. While methods for predicting across-fault flow are well advanced (e.g. Yielding et al., 1997; Manzocchi et al., 1999), current geomechanical and geometrical methods for predicting the locations of up-fault (up-dip) hydrocarbon migration (and leakage) are relatively untested. This thesis investigates the relationships between up-sequence gas migration in the form of gas chimneys and Pliocene to Recent normal faults in the Kupe Area, South Taranaki Basin. It undertakes studies of the Kupe Area’s structural development, examines spatial relationships between faults and gas chimneys, tests current geomechanical and geometrical models to predict up-dip gas flow in faults, and investigates the outcrop expression of fault structure below seismic reflection data resolution and gas flux rates at an onshore site of fault-related gas leakage. Data for this study are provided by highquality 2D and 3D seismic reflection lines (tied to stratigraphy in fifteen wells), and outcrop of Miocene and Oligocene strata in coastal cliff sections, together with methane concentration and flux measurements. Structural development in the Kupe Area was complex and provides a near complete record of deformation since the Late Cretaceous (~85 Ma). Basin strata up to 9 km thick record four main periods of deformation that reflect changing plate boundary configurations. Fault reactivation was common in the Kupe Area, with the locations and orientations of pre-existing faults strongly influencing the locations and geometries of younger faults and folds. Pliocene to Recent normal faults are highly segmented with low strain, consistent with an immature fault system in which fault lengths were established rapidly and subsequent fault growth was mainly achieved by accumulation of displacement. Plio-Pleistocene to Recent reactivation of Cretaceous rift faults provides conduits for gas migration from below the regional top seal in the Kupe Area into shallow strata and results in up-dip gas migration within the Plio-Pleistocene to Recent fault zones. These late-stage normal faults (younger than 4 Ma) are shown to have a strong spatial relationship with gas chimneys suggesting that fault zones are capable of producing channelised pathways for up-dip hydrocarbon migration. Fifteen of seventeen gas iii chimneys within the study area are rooted within fault zones. All of these fifteen faultrelated gas chimneys occur at geometrical complexities in fault structure (i.e. relay zones, lateral fault tips or fault intersections). Geometrical complexities are associated with locally high throw gradients which are inferred to be accompanied by off-fault strain in the form of fractures and/or bedding rotation. Three geomechanical modelling techniques (Slip Tendency, Dilation Tendency and Fracture Stability) for predicting the locations of up-fault hydrocarbon flow (leakage) are tested using the spatial distribution of gas chimneys and Pliocene to Recent normal faults in the Kupe Area. Slip Tendency, Dilation Tendency and Fracture Stability data for all of the faults analysed predict comparable likelihoods of gas migration on chimney and non-chimney sections of the fault surfaces and therefore do not provide a robust basis for predicting where on fault surfaces channelised up-dip gas flow will occur. Field-based observations of faults show that fractures observed in outcrop and below seismic reflection data resolution are localised around bends, steps and intersections of faults and show evidence of fluid flow post fault activity. In north Taranaki these fault complexities are present in a lateral equivalent to the Otaraoa top seal and, if present in the Kupe Area, are also likely to induce up-sequence gas migration through fracture networks. Methane concentrations measured at one site (Bristol Road Quarry) along the Inglewood Fault suggest that gas flux rates up faults may not be uniform over time. Based on the measured gas flux rates gas chimneys in the Kupe Area may form in association with gas migration in a series of discrete events lasting from days to years, with possible gas flows at the seabed of ~930 ft3 per chimney per day or 0.34 million ft3 per year.</p

The Influence of Faulting on Hydrocarbon Migration in the Kupe Area, South Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

&lt;p&gt;Faults play an important role in petroleum systems as both barriers and conduits to the flow of hydrocarbons. An understanding of the relationship between fluid and gas migration and accumulation, and faulting is often required during hydrocarbon exploration and production, and CO2 storage. While methods for predicting across-fault flow are well advanced (e.g. Yielding et al., 1997; Manzocchi et al., 1999), current geomechanical and geometrical methods for predicting the locations of up-fault (up-dip) hydrocarbon migration (and leakage) are relatively untested. This thesis investigates the relationships between up-sequence gas migration in the form of gas chimneys and Pliocene to Recent normal faults in the Kupe Area, South Taranaki Basin. It undertakes studies of the Kupe Area’s structural development, examines spatial relationships between faults and gas chimneys, tests current geomechanical and geometrical models to predict up-dip gas flow in faults, and investigates the outcrop expression of fault structure below seismic reflection data resolution and gas flux rates at an onshore site of fault-related gas leakage. Data for this study are provided by highquality 2D and 3D seismic reflection lines (tied to stratigraphy in fifteen wells), and outcrop of Miocene and Oligocene strata in coastal cliff sections, together with methane concentration and flux measurements. Structural development in the Kupe Area was complex and provides a near complete record of deformation since the Late Cretaceous (~85 Ma). Basin strata up to 9 km thick record four main periods of deformation that reflect changing plate boundary configurations. Fault reactivation was common in the Kupe Area, with the locations and orientations of pre-existing faults strongly influencing the locations and geometries of younger faults and folds. Pliocene to Recent normal faults are highly segmented with low strain, consistent with an immature fault system in which fault lengths were established rapidly and subsequent fault growth was mainly achieved by accumulation of displacement. Plio-Pleistocene to Recent reactivation of Cretaceous rift faults provides conduits for gas migration from below the regional top seal in the Kupe Area into shallow strata and results in up-dip gas migration within the Plio-Pleistocene to Recent fault zones. These late-stage normal faults (younger than 4 Ma) are shown to have a strong spatial relationship with gas chimneys suggesting that fault zones are capable of producing channelised pathways for up-dip hydrocarbon migration. Fifteen of seventeen gas iii chimneys within the study area are rooted within fault zones. All of these fifteen faultrelated gas chimneys occur at geometrical complexities in fault structure (i.e. relay zones, lateral fault tips or fault intersections). Geometrical complexities are associated with locally high throw gradients which are inferred to be accompanied by off-fault strain in the form of fractures and/or bedding rotation. Three geomechanical modelling techniques (Slip Tendency, Dilation Tendency and Fracture Stability) for predicting the locations of up-fault hydrocarbon flow (leakage) are tested using the spatial distribution of gas chimneys and Pliocene to Recent normal faults in the Kupe Area. Slip Tendency, Dilation Tendency and Fracture Stability data for all of the faults analysed predict comparable likelihoods of gas migration on chimney and non-chimney sections of the fault surfaces and therefore do not provide a robust basis for predicting where on fault surfaces channelised up-dip gas flow will occur. Field-based observations of faults show that fractures observed in outcrop and below seismic reflection data resolution are localised around bends, steps and intersections of faults and show evidence of fluid flow post fault activity. In north Taranaki these fault complexities are present in a lateral equivalent to the Otaraoa top seal and, if present in the Kupe Area, are also likely to induce up-sequence gas migration through fracture networks. Methane concentrations measured at one site (Bristol Road Quarry) along the Inglewood Fault suggest that gas flux rates up faults may not be uniform over time. Based on the measured gas flux rates gas chimneys in the Kupe Area may form in association with gas migration in a series of discrete events lasting from days to years, with possible gas flows at the seabed of ~930 ft3 per chimney per day or 0.34 million ft3 per year.&lt;/p&gt;</jats:p

The Influence of Faulting on Hydrocarbon Migration in the Kupe Area, South Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

&lt;p&gt;Faults play an important role in petroleum systems as both barriers and conduits to the flow of hydrocarbons. An understanding of the relationship between fluid and gas migration and accumulation, and faulting is often required during hydrocarbon exploration and production, and CO2 storage. While methods for predicting across-fault flow are well advanced (e.g. Yielding et al., 1997; Manzocchi et al., 1999), current geomechanical and geometrical methods for predicting the locations of up-fault (up-dip) hydrocarbon migration (and leakage) are relatively untested. This thesis investigates the relationships between up-sequence gas migration in the form of gas chimneys and Pliocene to Recent normal faults in the Kupe Area, South Taranaki Basin. It undertakes studies of the Kupe Area’s structural development, examines spatial relationships between faults and gas chimneys, tests current geomechanical and geometrical models to predict up-dip gas flow in faults, and investigates the outcrop expression of fault structure below seismic reflection data resolution and gas flux rates at an onshore site of fault-related gas leakage. Data for this study are provided by highquality 2D and 3D seismic reflection lines (tied to stratigraphy in fifteen wells), and outcrop of Miocene and Oligocene strata in coastal cliff sections, together with methane concentration and flux measurements. Structural development in the Kupe Area was complex and provides a near complete record of deformation since the Late Cretaceous (~85 Ma). Basin strata up to 9 km thick record four main periods of deformation that reflect changing plate boundary configurations. Fault reactivation was common in the Kupe Area, with the locations and orientations of pre-existing faults strongly influencing the locations and geometries of younger faults and folds. Pliocene to Recent normal faults are highly segmented with low strain, consistent with an immature fault system in which fault lengths were established rapidly and subsequent fault growth was mainly achieved by accumulation of displacement. Plio-Pleistocene to Recent reactivation of Cretaceous rift faults provides conduits for gas migration from below the regional top seal in the Kupe Area into shallow strata and results in up-dip gas migration within the Plio-Pleistocene to Recent fault zones. These late-stage normal faults (younger than 4 Ma) are shown to have a strong spatial relationship with gas chimneys suggesting that fault zones are capable of producing channelised pathways for up-dip hydrocarbon migration. Fifteen of seventeen gas iii chimneys within the study area are rooted within fault zones. All of these fifteen faultrelated gas chimneys occur at geometrical complexities in fault structure (i.e. relay zones, lateral fault tips or fault intersections). Geometrical complexities are associated with locally high throw gradients which are inferred to be accompanied by off-fault strain in the form of fractures and/or bedding rotation. Three geomechanical modelling techniques (Slip Tendency, Dilation Tendency and Fracture Stability) for predicting the locations of up-fault hydrocarbon flow (leakage) are tested using the spatial distribution of gas chimneys and Pliocene to Recent normal faults in the Kupe Area. Slip Tendency, Dilation Tendency and Fracture Stability data for all of the faults analysed predict comparable likelihoods of gas migration on chimney and non-chimney sections of the fault surfaces and therefore do not provide a robust basis for predicting where on fault surfaces channelised up-dip gas flow will occur. Field-based observations of faults show that fractures observed in outcrop and below seismic reflection data resolution are localised around bends, steps and intersections of faults and show evidence of fluid flow post fault activity. In north Taranaki these fault complexities are present in a lateral equivalent to the Otaraoa top seal and, if present in the Kupe Area, are also likely to induce up-sequence gas migration through fracture networks. Methane concentrations measured at one site (Bristol Road Quarry) along the Inglewood Fault suggest that gas flux rates up faults may not be uniform over time. Based on the measured gas flux rates gas chimneys in the Kupe Area may form in association with gas migration in a series of discrete events lasting from days to years, with possible gas flows at the seabed of ~930 ft3 per chimney per day or 0.34 million ft3 per year.&lt;/p&gt;</jats:p