Spectral Power Time-courses of Human Sleep EEG Reveal a Striking Discontinuity at ∼18 Hz Marking the Division between NREM-specific and Wake/REM-specific Fast Frequency Activity

Spectral power time-courses over the ultradian cycle of the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) provide a useful window for exploring the temporal correlation between cortical EEG and sub-cortical neuronal activities. Precision in the measurement of these time-courses is thus important, but it is hampered by lacunae in the definition of the frequency band limits that are in the main based on wake EEG conventions. A frequently seen discordance between the shape of the beta power time-course across the ultradian cycle and that reported for the sequential mean firing rate of brainstem-thalamic activating neurons invites a closer examination of these band limits, especially since the sleep EEG literature indicates in several studies an intriguing non-uniformity of time-course comportment across the traditional beta band frequencies. We ascribe this tentatively to the sharp reversal of slope we have seen at ∼18 Hz in our data and that of others. Here, therefore, using data for the first four ultradian cycles from 18 healthy subjects, we apply several criteria based on changes in time-course comportment in order to examine this non-uniformity as we move in 1 Hz bins through the frequency range 14-30 Hz. The results confirm and describe in detail the striking discontinuity of shape at around 18 Hz, with only the upper range (18-30 Hz) displaying a time-course similar to that of the firing-rate changes measured in brainstem activating neurons and acknowledged to engender states of brain activation. Fast frequencies in the lower range (15-18 Hz), on the other hand, are shown to be specific to non-rapid-eye-movement sleep. Splitting the beta band at ∼18 Hz therefore permits a significant improvement in EEG measurement and a more precise correlation with cellular activit

HUBUNGAN PERILAKU KEWIRAUSAHAAN DAN PERMODALAN DENGAN PENDAPATAN

Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah terjadinya penurunan pendapatan para pengusaha stroberi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan perilaku kewirausahaan dan permodalan dengan pendapatan. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah pengusaha stroberi di Kecamatan Ciwidey Kabupaten Bandung. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survai eksplanatori. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menyebarkan angket kepada responden. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan cara analisis deskriptif dengan menggunakan statistik nonparametrik yaitu uji korelasi spearman rank. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perilaku kewirausahaan dengan pendapatan memiliki hubungan positif yang kuat yaitu ketika perilaku kewirausahaan tinggi maka pendapatan tinggi. Sedangkan permodalan dengan pendapatan memiliki hubungan positif yang sangat kuat yaitu ketika permodalan tinggi maka pendapatan tinggi. Dengan melakukan pengujian hipotesis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara perilaku kewirausahaan dan permodalan dengan pendapatan. Rekomendasi bagi para pengusaha stroberi di Kecamatan Ciwidey Kabupaten Bandung harus dapat memahami faktor-faktor yang memiliki hubungan dengan pendapatan, baik dari faktor perilaku kewirausahaan dan permodalan ataupun faktor-faktor lain yang diduga memiliki hubungan dengan pendapatan pengusaha, guna mempertahankan kelangsungan usaha dan memperoleh pendapatan yang tinggi

A Unique Pattern of Sleep Structure is Found to be Identical at all Cortical Sites: a Neurobiological Interpretation

There is substantial evidence both at the cellular and at the electroencephalogram (EEG) level to support the view that the brainstem activating systems control the sleep-state (stage) progression over time that constitutes the overall sleep structure as seen at the EEG. We argue here that the brainstem therefore modulates the time-courses of spectral power in the different EEG frequency bands. These show during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep a very particular interrelationship the origin of which has received little attention and for which the neuronal transition probability model for sleep structure has proposed a physiological explanation. We advance the hypothesis that if the brainstem is modulating these time-courses then they should show a marked similarity in shape and timing at all sites. Using data from 10 healthy subjects, we measure the degree of similarity of the time-courses over each of the first four NREM episodes at the frontal, central and parietal sites, for each of the frequency bands beta, sigma and delta, and also the cortically generated slow oscillation. All the cross- correlation coefficients are high and statistically significant, indicating that the shape and timing of these time-courses are practically identical at different sites despite regional differences in their average power levels. These results tend to suggest that two processes may operate concurrently: the brainstem controls the shape and timing of the power time-courses while cortical-thalamic interaction controls their site-dependent average powe

Relationship between academic stress and cyberloafing behavior among Psychology Department Students at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

This study aims to determine the relationship between academic stress and cyberloafing among psychology department students at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI). This correlational study involved 150 students recruited using the quota sampling technique. Academic Stress Inventory and The Cyberloafing Scale were employed as the data collection instrument. The obtained data were analyzed using product moment correlation analysis, showing a positive relationship between academic stress and cyberloafing. The results of the study can serve as a reference for school counselors in designing guidance and counseling services to reduce academic stress and cyberloafing

Prophetic Leadership Scale’s Validation and the Tendency of Normative Response

This study aims to validate the prophetic leadership scale by using a quantitative approach. 202 leaders were involved in this study. Data analysis technique that has been used for construct validation is factorial validation with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), a convergent validation, discriminant validation, and social desirability bias with Pearson correlation. There are 4 instruments used in this study, namely the measuring instrument of prophetic leadership, the measuring instrument of authentic leadership as a convergent validator, the measuring instrument of religiosity as a discriminant validator, and the measuring tool of social desirability as a validator of social appropriateness bias. The prophetic leadership measurement tool measures the same construct as the authentic leadership measurement tool, and measures different constructs from the religiosity measurement tool, and the prophetic leadership measurement tool has a social appropriateness bias or the respondent's tendency to give answers in accordance with norms. The findings raise a prospect that social desirability bias’s influences fitness indices in a scale’s validation

PENGARUH RATIO PROFITABILITAS DAN SOLVABILITAS TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM PADA PERUSAHAAN YANG TERDAFTAR DALAM JAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEK YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI PERIODE 2015-2018

ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine how the influence of return on equity (ROE), net profit margin (NPM) debt to equity ratio (DER) on stock prices listed in the Jakarta Islamic Index listed on the IDX. This study uses profitability ratios with return on equity (ROE), net profit margin (NPM) variables and uses solvency ratios with debt to equity ratio (DER) variables as variables that show financial performance Based on predetermined sample criteria, the number of samples from companies listed on the Jakarta Islamic index, there are 11 companies that meet the criteria listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). In determining this sample researchers used a purposive sampling method. which is to determine samples with certain criteria. The analysis technique used is descriptive analysis, classic assumption test and Multiple Linear Regression namely with data of research in the form of panel data. The results of this study indicate that partially the Return On Equity (ROE) and Net Profit Margin (NPM) variables have a significant effect on the stock price of company, the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) variable has no effect on the stock price. And simultaneously all variables have an influence on stock prices. Keywords: Return On Equity (ROE), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Debt To Equity Ratio (DER), and Stock Pric

Prosedur Pelaksanaan Pengaduan Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia Pada Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Kota Padang

Pada saat ini banyak masalah yang berkaitan dengan pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia yang sering diperbincangkan dimedia sosial dan elektronik. Perlu kita ingat bahwa dalam hal pemenuhan hak, kita hidup bersosialisasi dengan orang lain, jangan sampai kita melakukan pelanggaran HAM terhadap orang lain dalam usaha memenuhi HAM pada diri kita sendiri. Hak Asasi Manusia tidak lahir secara tiba-tiba sebagaimana kita lihat dalam universal declaration of human right 10 Desember 1948, namun melalui proses yang panjang dalam sejarah peradapan manusia. Awal HAM berkembang dimulai ketika ditanda tangani magna charta (1215), oleh Raja Jhon Lacklaand, kemudian penandatanganan petition of right pada tahun 1628 oleh Raja Charles I. karna hubungan inilah perkembangan Hak Asasi Manusia sangat erat hubungannya dengan demokrasi. Indonesia adalah negara hukum dimana selalu ada pengakuan dan perlindungan terhadap Hak Asasi Manusia. Setiap manusia mendapat kedudukan yang sama didalam hukum, ekonomi, sosial, dan kebudayaan. Diindonesia sendiri Hak Asasi Manusia sebenarnya tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan pandangan filsafat indonesia yang terdapat pada pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (UUD NKRI 1945) yang dinyatakan pada 2 pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia 1945 “Kemerdekaan Adalah Hak Segala Bangsa”. Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 Hak Asasi Manusia adalah hak yang melekat pada hakikat dan keberadaan manusia sebagai makhluk tuhan yang maha esa dan merupakan suatu anugerah-Nya yang wajib dihotmati,dan dijunjung tinggi dan didukung oleh negara, hukum, pemerintah, dan setiap orang demi kehormatan dan perlindungan harkat dan martabat manusia. Jadi, Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) adalah hak-hak dasar yang dimiliki manusia sejak lahir yang berkaitan dengan martabat dan harkatnya sebagai ciptaan Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang tidak boleh dilanggarn dilenyapkan oleh siapapun. Karna hak asasi manusia merupakan hak hak dasar yang dibawa manusia sejak lahir sebagai Anugerah Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, maka perlu dipahami bahwa hak asasi manusia tidak bersumber dari hukum melainkan anugerah dari Tuhan sebagai pencipta alam beserta isinya. Maraknya terjadi pelanggaran hak asasi manusia diindonesia misalnya kasus pelanggaran hak untuk hidup seperti penambangan ilegal yang dapat mengancam kebebasan kehidupan masyarakat, hal tersebut membuat keresahan masyarakat setempat namun tidak dapat melakukan apapun karna kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat terkait pengaduan pelanggaran hak asasi manusi