20 research outputs found

    Socioeconomic position and periodontal disease: a life-course approach

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    Background: Periodontal disease is a chronic condition affecting more than 537 million people worldwide, with a prevalence of 7.6% for all ages combined. Although important factors associated with periodontal disease are already known, little is known about the influence of the socioeconomic position (SEP) across the life stages on periodontal disease in adults. There is an increasing understanding that the true risk factors to health inequalities lie in social, economic and political circumstances. Thesis objectives: The overarching purpose of the thesis was to investigate the influence of SEP during the life-course on periodontal disease in adulthood. The specific objectives of the thesis were: to theoretically explore how life-course epidemiology theories can be applied to explain the relationship between SEP and periodontal disease; to systematically review all longitudinal prospective studies that studied the association between SEP and periodontal disease; to quantify the impact of life-course income trajectories on the occurrence of periodontal disease in adulthood, in the inter-relationship of income with other socioeconomic indicators; and to evaluate the direct effect of early life income on periodontal disease occurrence in adulthood that was not mediated by adulthood income and adulthood education attainment, and behavioural risk factors for periodontal disease, namely smoking status and oral hygiene. Main findings: To address the objectives, four papers were developed. The first paper presented and discussed a theoretical basis for the use of life-course epidemiology theories, namely the critical period model, critical period with modifier effect model, accumulation of risk model and chain-of-risk model, in explaining the relationship between SEP during the life-course and periodontal disease in adulthood. Through a systematic review, it has been observed that individuals who were exposed to lower socioeconomic conditions earlier in life presented with worse periodontal disease in adulthood. This finding was consistent across the broad range of SEP indicators and measures of disease adopted in the primary studies. The first empirical study, using data from a nested oral health study of the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study in Brazil (n=539), demonstrated the influence of income trajectories during the first 30 years of life on the occurrence of moderate-to-severe periodontal disease at the age of 31 years. Finally, the findings from the last study, also using data from the same study, supported the hypothesis that early life socioeconomic position has a direct effect on periodontal disease at age 31 that is not mediated by socioeconomic position in adult life, smoking status, or oral hygiene. The findings of the thesis have presented a strong case for applying life-course epidemiological research in investigating the development of periodontal disease. The study has contributed evidence to identifying socioeconomic position as an upstream determinant of the disease since early in life.Thesis (Ph.D.) (Research by Publication) -- University of Adelaide, Adelaide Dental School, 201

    Prevention and Management of Dental Trauma in Primary Teeth in the Context of the COVID-19: A Critical Literature Review

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    Objective: To evaluate and discuss the prevention and management of dental trauma in primary teeth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: Critic literature review, searching electronic databases and Google for articles and guidelines published in English that described prevention and management of dental trauma in primary dentition during the pandemic of COVID-19. Results: 5 publications regarding management and 1 leaflet about prevention for parents were identified. Urgent care is required when the child presents tooth fracture resulting in pain or causing soft tissue trauma and luxation affecting bite. Avulsed teeth should not be replanted and advice and self-help may be sufficient in some situations. Instructions about soft diet and hygiene must be provided. Remote consults are recommended for non-urgent situations and during follow-up to evaluate the presence of sequelae. Aerosol generating procedures should be avoided and, in cases of poor prognosis, extraction is recommended to prevent recurring visits to the dental office. Conclusion: During COVID-19 pandemic, remote consults should be recommended to evaluate traumatic dental injuries in primary dentition. Follow-up should not be neglected and may be performed through remote consultation

    Prevention and Management of Dental Trauma in Primary Teeth in the Context of the COVID-19: A Critical Literature Review

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    Objective: To evaluate and discuss the prevention and management of dental trauma in primary teeth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: Critic literature review, searching electronic databases and Google for articles and guidelines published in English that described prevention and management of dental trauma in primary dentition during the pandemic of COVID-19. Results: 5 publications regarding management and 1 leaflet about prevention for parents were identified. Urgent care is required when the child presents tooth fracture resulting in pain or causing soft tissue trauma and luxation affecting bite. Avulsed teeth should not be replanted and advice and self-help may be sufficient in some situations. Instructions about soft diet and hygiene must be provided. Remote consults are recommended for non-urgent situations and during follow-up to evaluate the presence of sequelae. Aerosol generating procedures should be avoided and, in cases of poor prognosis, extraction is recommended to prevent recurring visits to the dental office. Conclusion: During COVID-19 pandemic, remote consults should be recommended to evaluate traumatic dental injuries in primary dentition. Follow-up should not be neglected and may be performed through remote consultation

    Socioeconomic inequities in the oral health of university students in southern Brazil

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    Objetivo: Identificar a magnitude da associação entre experiência de cárie dentária e autopercepção negativa de saúde bucal com determinantes socioeconômicos. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com dados de uma coorte prospectiva com os universitários ingressantes na Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) no ano de 2016. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário autoaplicável, incluindo características demográficas, socioeconômicas e psicossociais. Os desfechos do presente estudo foram a experiência de cárie autorrelatada (histórico de doença cárie) e autopercepção de saúde bucal (positiva versus negativa). Resultados: Um total de 3.237 alunos ingressou, dos quais 2.089 (64,5%) concordaram em participar do estudo. O modelo de regressão de Poisson mostrou que universitários com renda familiar de R1001,00a5000,00eR1001,00 a 5000,00 e R5001,00 ou mais apresentaram, respectivamente, uma razão de prevalência (RP) 14% (RP=0,86; IC95% 0,80-0,92) e 18% (RP=0,82; IC95% 0,74 a 0,90) menor de experiência de cárie, assim como indivíduos cujas mães tinham ensino médio completo apresentaram uma prevalência 14% menor (RP= 0,86; IC95% 0,80 a 0,92) e ensino superior completo 19% (RP= 0,81; IC95% 0,75 a 0,87) menor de experiência de cárie, quando comparados aos grupos de referência. Na autopercepção de saúde bucal, os resultados para renda familiar de R1001a5000,00eR1001 a 5000,00 e R 5001 ou mais apresentaram, respectivamente, uma prevalência 23% (RP= 0,77; IC95% 0,64 a 0,91) e 43% (RP= 0,57; IC95% 0,45 a 0,72) menor de ter autopercepção de saúde bucal negativa e indivíduos cujas mães tinham ensino superior completo reportaram uma prevalência 21% menor de autopercepção de saúde bucal negativa quando comparados à referência (RP= 0,79; IC95% 0,66 a 0,97). Conclusões: Os achados do presente estudo confirmam que os indicadores socioeconômicos influenciam a experiência de cárie autorrelatada e a autopercepção de saúde bucal dos universitários.Objective: To identify the magnitude of the association between dental caries experience and negative self-perception of oral health with socioeconomic determinants. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with data from a prospective cohort with university students entering the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) in 2016. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire, including demographic, socioeconomic and psychosocial characteristics. The outcomes of the present study were experience of self-reported caries (history of caries disease) and self-perceived oral health (positive versus negative). Results: A total of 3,237 students joined, of which 2,089 (64.5%) agreed to participate in the study. The Poisson regression model known that university students with an income of R 1001to5000.00andR 1001 to 5000.00 and R 5001 or more primary, respectively, a prevalence ratio (PR) 14% (PR=0,86; 95%CI 0,80-0,92) and 18% (PR=0,82; 95%IC 0,74 a 0,90) lower of caries experience, as well as individualizing mothers had completed high school prevalence a 14% (PR= 0,86; 95%CI 0,80 a 0,92) lower prevalence and complete higher education 19% (PR= 0,81; 95%CI 0,75 a 0,87) less caries experience when compared to reference groups. In the self-perception of oral health, the results for income of R 1001to5000.00andR 1001 to 5000.00 and R 5001 or more dissipated, respectively, a 23% (PR= 0,77; 95%IC 0,64 a 0,91) and 43% (PR= 0,57; 95%IC 0,45 a 0,72) lower prevalence of having negative self-perception of oral health and qualified originating from complete higher education reported a 23% lower prevalence of negative self-perceived oral health when compared to the reference (PR= 0,79; 95%IC 0,66 a 0,97). Conclusions: The findings of the present study confirm that socioeconomic indicators influence the experience of caries and self-perceived oral health among university students

    Medo odontológico e saúde bucal: avaliação transversal do ciclo do medo entre universitários brasileiros

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    Aim: To evaluate the presence of dental fear among Brazilian undergraduate students and to observe whether the cycle of dental fear theory applies to this population. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study were conducted with first year students of the Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil, in 2016. Sociodemographic data, dental fear, as well as the use of dental services and perception of caries and dental pain were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The exposure was dental fear, and the outcomes included dental visit pattern, experience of dental caries and dental fear and self-rated oral health (SROH). Sociodemographic characteristics were included as aconfounding factor. To test the association between dental fear and the outcomes, Poisson regression models with robust variance were used, to estimate Prevalence Rations and Confidence Intervals. Results: 2,014 undergraduate students were evaluated and 22.4% of them reported dental fear. Those who reported dental fear had a higher prevalence of not visiting the dentist in the last year and, among those who visited, to have had only a pain/problem-oriented visit. Additionally, having fear increased the presence of dental caries, dental pain and negative SROH. Discussion: Our findings suggest the presence of the vicious cycle of dental fear in this population of undergraduate students in southern Brazil. Conclusion: This study provided evidence on the association between dental fear and the lower frequency of dental visit, dental caries, dental pain experience and negative SROH, corroborating with the cycle of dental fear theory.Objetivo: Avaliar a presença do medo odontológico em universitários brasileiros e observar se a teoria do ciclo vicioso do medo é identificada nesta população. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com universitários ingressantes na Universidade Federal de Pelotas em 2016. Os dados sociodemográficos, medo odontológico, o uso de serviços odontológicos, a percepção de cárie e dor dentária foram coletados através de um questionário auto-administrado. A exposição do estudo foi medo odontológico, e os desfechos incluíram padrão de consulta odontológica, experiência de cárie e dor dentária e autopercepção de saúde bucal. Características sociodemográficas foram incluídas como fatores de confusão. Para testar a associação do medo odontológico com os desfechos, foram utilizados modelos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, a fim de estimar as Razões de Prevalência e Intervalos de Confiança. Resultados: Foram avaliados 2.014 universitários, dos quais 22.4% reportaram medo odontológico. Aqueles que reportaram medo odontológico apresentaram uma maior prevalência de não terem ido ao dentista no último ano e, entre os que consultaram, a visita ter sido motivada por dor/problema. Adicionalmente, ter medo aumentou a presença de cárie, dor dentária e autorrelato da saúde bucal negativa. Discussão: Os achados sugerem a presença do ciclo vicioso do medo nesta população de universitários do sul do Brasil. Conclusão: Evidenciou-se a associação entre a presença de medo odontológico e a menor procura por atendimento odontológico, a presença de cárie dentária, dor dentária e saúde bucal autorreportada negativa, corroborando com a teoria do ciclo do medo

    Potenciais interações de drogas em pacientes de terapia antirretroviral: uma revisão integrativa: Potential drug interactions in antiretroviral therapy patients: an integrative review

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    Possíveis interações medicamentosas devem ser levadas em consideração ao selecionar um regime antirretroviral. Uma revisão detalhada dos medicamentos concomitantes pode ajudar na criação de um regime que minimize as interações indesejáveis. O potencial para interações medicamentosas deve ser avaliado quando qualquer novo medicamento (incluindo agentes de venda livre) é adicionado a um regime antirretroviral existente. A maioria das interações medicamentosas com medicamentos antirretroviral é mediada por inibição ou indução do metabolismo hepático de medicamentos. Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, cujo objetivo foi compreender as possíveis interações de drogas em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV em processo de terapia antirretroviral. Após análise dos dados, concluiu-se que há riscos reais de interações medicamentosas a partir do uso de 5 ou mais medicamentos, por um tempo superior a seis anos. Os principais riscos apontados nesse sentido foram interferência na resposta terapêutica, aumento de reações adversas toxidade nos sistemas cardiovascular e nervoso central e dificuldades para detecção de resistência do HIV aos medicamentos antirretrovirais

    The multidimensional evaluation and treatment of anxiety in children and adolescents: rationale, design, methods and preliminary findings

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    Dental pain: determinants and impacts in schoolchildren in southern Brazil

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    Despite the decline observed in the occurrence of oral problems, studies among schoolchildren has revealed that dental pain is still a problem of high prevalence, and may have a negative impact on quality of life of individuals and society. Considering the relevance of the topic and that there are few epidemiological studies that assess the phenomenon of pain, this cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the report of dental pain in a school-based sample of children in South Brazil and test the association with socioeconomics, demographic, psychosocial and clinical variables. Also, aimed to investigate the consequences of dental pain on oral health perception and impact on children s daily life. A minimum sample size of 922 children was estimated. The sample, random and stratified, was selected by multistage sampling technique and evaluated in 20 schools, located in Pelotas/RS in 2011. Data collection consisted of a questionnaire to parents to obtain socioeconomic features; of interview with children, including information on family structure, on the occurrence of dental pain in the last month and in the last six months preceding the interview, on dental fear and about the perception of their oral health; and of oral clinical examination of children, who were assessed for dental caries, dental trauma and malocclusion. Data were entered twice in an EpiData 3.1 database and analyses were performed in Stata 12.0. Descriptive analysis was performed to obtain the prevalence of the dependent variable. Then, bivariate analyses were performed to test the association between dental pain and independent variables. To investigate the independent effect of variables on dental pain occurrence, Poisson regression analysis was performed, estimating the Prevalence Ratio (PR) and respective confidence intervals (95% CI). 1,199 children aged 8-12 was included in the sample. A higher prevalence of dental pain was observed in children from lower income families (PR=1.39; 95%CI 1.10-1.76), in girls (PR=1.24; 95%CI 1.06-1.46), living in overcrowded houses (PR 1.23; 95%CI 1.01-1.49), who reported dental fear (PR=1.19; 95%CI 1.00-1.42), and in children with caries experience (PR=1.57; 95%CI 1.34-1.84), after adjustments. Dental pain presence influenced in oral health perception PR=2.56; 95%CI 1.55-3.29) impacted in children s daily life (PR=1.89; 95%CI 1.64-2.17). Conclusion: A high percentage of schoolchildren suffered from dental pain, which was influenced by demographic, socioeconomics, psychosocial and clinical characteristics, causing negative impact on the oral health perceptionApesar do declínio observado na ocorrência de problemas bucais, estudos na população escolar tem revelado que a dor de origem dentária ainda é um problema de alta prevalência, podendo gerar impacto negativo na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos e na sociedade. Frente a relevância do tema e por existirem poucos trabalhos que avaliem epidemiologicamente o fenômeno da dor, este estudo transversal teve como objetivo avaliar o relato de dor dentária em uma amostra de base escolar no sul do Brasil e testar a associação deste problema com características socioeconômicas, demográficas, psicossociais e clínicas. Também, visou avaliar as conseqüências da dor dental na percepção da saúde bucal e o impacto na vida diária das crianças. Uma amostra mínima de 922 crianças foi estimada. A amostra, aleatória e estratificada, foi selecionada através da técnica de conglomerado em duplo estágio e avaliada em 20 escolas localizadas na zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas/RS no ano de 2011. A coleta de dados foi composta de aplicação de questionário aos pais, para obtenção de variáveis socioeconômicas; de entrevista com as crianças, incluindo informações sobre estrutura familiar, sobre a ocorrência de dor dental no último mês e nos últimos seis meses que antecederam a entrevista, sobre medo odontológico e sobre a percepção de sua saúde bucal; e de exame clínico bucal das crianças, que foram avaliadas em relação à cárie, traumatismo dentário e maloclusão. Os dados foram duplamente digitados no programa EpiData 3.1 e analisados usando-se o programa Stata 12.0. Foi realizada análise descritiva para obter a prevalência da variável de interesse. Após, a associação entre dor dentária e variáveis independentes foi testada utilizando análise bivariada. Para investigar a associação independente das exposições na ocorrência de dor dentária foi realizada análise de regressão de Poisson, estimandose as razões de prevalência (RP) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC95%). As variáveis independentes foram ordenadas em um modelo hierárquico, que determinou sua entrada na análise estatística. Foram incluídas na amostra 1199 crianças, com idade entre 8 e 12 anos. A prevalência de dor dental foi de 35,7% (IC95% 33.0-38.5) nos últimos seis meses. Após ajustes, uma maior prevalência de dor dental foi observada em crianças oriundas de famílias com menor renda (RP=1.39; IC95% 1.10-1.76), no sexo feminino (RP=1.24; IC95% 1.06-1.46), em crianças que viviam em casas superlotadas (RP=1.23; IC95% 1.01-1.49), que reportaram medo odontológico (RP=1.19; IC95% 1.00-1.42), e em crianças que tiveram experiência de cárie dentária (RP=1.57; IC95% 1.34 1.84). A presença de dor dental influenciou a percepção de saúde bucal dos escolares (RP=2.56; IC95% 1.55-3.29) e impactou sua vida diária (RP=1.89; IC95% 1.64-2.17). Conclui-se que uma alta porcentagem de escolares sofre de dor dental, e que este problema, que se mostrou influenciado por características demográficas, socioeconômicas, psicossociais e clínicas, causa impactos negativos na percepção de saúde bucal das criança

    Pharyngolaryngeal haematoma: two cases report and a review of the literature

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    Background: Pharyngeal and/or laryngeal haematoma is a rare entity with multiple aetiological factors. If no cause can be found, it is labeled spontaneous haematoma. It is an alarming condition and although associated with life-threatening complications, often the condition resolves eventful. Methods: We report two cases of old women who presented with spontaneous pharyngolaryngeal haematoma. A bibliographic review is also presented. Cases reports: A 87 year-old woman, under platelet antiaggregation, presented at emergency ENT department complaining of dysphonia and the presence of cervical equimosis extending from submentonian region to sternal furcula with <24h of evolution. Another woman, 85 years-old, hypocoagulated, presented a submentonian equimosis after a coughing fit. They both denied cervical trauma. Fiberoptic laryngoscopy revealed pharyngolaryngeal haematoma without airway obstruction in the first case, and with partial airway compromise in the second one. Conservative management, including stopping antiaggegration/anticoagulation medication, was adopted, being both patients hospitalized and having a favorable clinical evolution. Conclusion: It is important to be aware of this unusual condition with its distinct presentation. Surgical intervention should be resisted unless a treatable aetiological factor is found or airway compromise occurs, the main reason why close airway monitoring is needed. Most cases will resolve with conservative management.Introdução: O hematoma faríngeo e/ou laríngeo é uma entidade clínica rara com múltiplos factores etiológicos. Se não se encontrar uma causa, é denominado hematoma espontâneo. É uma condição alarmante e embora possa estar associada com complicações graves, geralmente resolvem sem problemas. Métodos: Os autores reportam os casos clínicos de duas idosas que se apresentaram com hematomas faringolaríngeos. É igualmente efectuada uma revisão bibliográfica. Casos clínicos: Uma doente do sexo feminino de 87 anos, sob antiagregação plaquetária, recorreu ao serviço de urgência de ORL por disfonia e pelo aparecimento de equimose cervical desde região submentoniana até à fúrcula esternal com <24h de evolução. Outra doente do sexo feminino, 85 anos, hipocoagulada, apresentou uma equimose submentoniana após um acesso de tosse. Ambas negaram trauma cervical. Fibroscopia laríngea revelou hematoma faringolaríngeo sem compromisso da via aérea no primeiro caso, e com compromisso parcial no segundo. Tratamento conservador, incluindo parar antiagregação/hipocoagulação, foi adoptado, sendo ambas as pacientes hospitalizadas e tendo uma evolução clínica favorável. Conclusão: É importante estar alerta para condição rara. Intervenção cirúrgica deve ser reservada para casos em que haja um factor etiológico identificável ou quando ocorre um compromisso da via aérea, motivo pelo qual é necessário a monitorização do doente. A maioria dos casos resolve com tratamento conservador
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