Phosphorus availability of rock phosphates as compared with feed-grade phosphates for swine Disponibilidade de fósforo em fosfatos de rocha em comparação à de fosfatos bicálcicos para suínos

One hundred ninety two swine were used in a trial to assess the relative bioavailability of phosphorus (RBP) in six phosphate sources. Phosphates were three feed grade phosphates (FP), two made in Brasil, and one USA made, and three rock phosphate samples (RP) originated from two mines sites in Brasil, and one mine site in Israel. Levels of calcium, phosphorus and fluorine in RP were 29, 12 and 1.7% (RP source 1), 33, 14 and 1.4% (RP source 2), and 30, 14 and 3.6% (RP source 3), respectively. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet (18% CP, 0.95% Lys, 0.75% Ca, 0.37% P) or the basal diet with 0.15% P from a standard purified grade calcium phosphate (SP), or with 0.15% P from experimental FP or RP. Each diet was fed to six pen replicates of four pigs per pen for 35 days (14.4 to 39.9 kg). Weight gain (WG), feed/gain (FG), plasma P (PP), bone ash (BA), and breaking strength of metacarpals and metatarsals (BS-MM) and femurs (BS-F) were improved by phosphorus addition. However, performance and bone parameters were depressed by RP, as compared to FP dietary supplementation. WG, BA, BS-MM and BS-F were regressed to P added, and slope-ratios were calculated to assess RBP in the FP and RP sources. The average bioavailability of P in the FP and RP sources, relative to SP, were 89 and 49% (WG), 112 and 49% (BA), 78 and 28% (BS-MM), and 101 and 52% (BS-F), respectively. Low animal performance and bone strength related to toxicity should be expected if rock phosphates are used to feed pigs.<br>Cento e noventa e dois leitões foram usados em um experimento para avaliar a biodisponibilidade relativa do fósforo (RBP) em seis fontes fosfáticas. As fontes foram três fosfatos de uso em nutrição (FP), dois fabricados no Brasil e um nos Estados Unidos, e três amostras de fosfatos de rocha (RP), originados de duas minas brasileiras e uma mina situada em Israel. Os níveis de cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P) e flúor (F) nos fosfatos de rocha foram 29, 12 e 1,7% (fonte RP 1), 33, 14 e 1,4% (fonte RP 2) e 30, 14 e 3,6% (fonte RP 3), respectivamente. Os suínos foram alimentados com uma dieta basal de milho e farelo de soja (18% PB, 0,95% Lis, 0,75% Ca, 0,37% P) ou dieta basal contendo 0,15% P a partir de um fosfato bicálcico purificado padrão (SP), ou com 0,15% P a partir das fontes experimentais FP ou RP. Cada dieta foi fornecida a seis baias (replicatas) com quatro leitões durante 35 dias (14,4 a 39,9 kg). O ganho de peso (WG), a conversão alimentar (FG), o P plasmático (PP), as cinzas ósseas (BA) e a resistência óssea à quebra de metacarpos e metatarsos (BS-MM) e fêmures (BS-F) melhoraram com a adição de fósforo às dietas. Contudo, o desempenho e os parâmetros ósseos pioraram com o uso dos fosfatos de rocha, em comparação à suplementação dietética de FP. A análise de regressão dos dados de WG, BA, BS-MM e BS-F em relação ao P adicional foi realizada e foram calculadas slope-ratios para avaliar a RBP nas fontes de FP e RP. A biodisponibilidade média do P nas fontes FP e RP, relativas ao SP (com valor atribuído de 100), foram 89 e 49% (WG), 112 e 49% (BA), 78 e 28% (BS-MM), e 101 e 52% (BS-F), respectivamente. Baixos desempenho e resistência óssea relacionados à toxicidade devem ser esperados se fosfatos de rocha forem utilizados na alimentação de suínos

The Finisterra-Léon-Mid German Cristalline Rise Domain; Proposal of a New Terrane in the Variscan Chain

This chapter characterizes the Finisterra Terrane, enhancing its differences from the neighbouring Iberian Terrane. The contact between these terranes is the Porto- Tomar-Ferreira do Alentejo Shear Zone, a major lithospheric structure whose complex Variscan evolution remains debatable. The lithostratigraphic, tectonometamorphic and magmatic features observed in the Finisterra Terrane show that it was an independent terrane during the Devonian. This situation changed during the Mississippian, when the main features of the Finisterra and the Iberian Terranes became similar, which indicates that both terranes evolved together since the Carboniferous times. The similarities of the Finisterra Terrane with the Central European Variscan domains, namely the Léon Block and the Mid-German Crystalline Rise, enable us to propose a new tectono-stratigraphic terrane (Finisterra-León-MGCR Terrane), which defines an arcuate pattern compatible with the Ibero-Armorican Arc

Variscan Magmatism

This chapter aims to identify, characterize and locate the main facts/events related to orogenesis in the Iberian Peninsula. Its succession in space and time determines the geodynamic environment of the broader geological phenomenon corresponding to the Variscan cycle. In this sense, this section comprises two parts: I—The Iberian orogenic magmatism seen through a space-time approach of its westernmost region—focus on the enormous complexity of the inherited basement, its nature, age and distribution in space. Establishes a space-time sequence of geodynamic environments correlated with the obtained data and tries to identify the agents responsible for its genesis. Some case studies are presented to illustrated significant regional aspects of the magmatic process and II—An overview of the petrogenesis of the great batholiths and of the basic, intermediate and mantle-related rocks—identify and analyze a great amount of these rocks intruding and extruded from 400 to 280 Ma and to better understanding the large-scale process involving the whole lithosphere during Variscan cycle.publishe

Indirect effects of habitat loss via habitat fragmentation: A cross-taxa analysis of forest-dependent species

Recent studies suggest that habitat amount is the main determinant of species richness, whereas habitat fragmentation has weak and mostly positive effects. Here, we challenge these ideas using a multi-taxa database including 2230 estimates of forest-dependent species richness from 1097 sampling sites across the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot. We used a structural equation modeling approach, accounting not only for direct effects of habitat loss, but also for its indirect effects (via habitat fragmentation), on the richness of forest-dependent species. We reveal that in addition to the effects of habitat loss, habitat fragmentation has negative impacts on animal species richness at intermediate (30–60%) levels of habitat amount, and on richness of plants at high (>60%) levels of habitat amount, both of which are mediated by edge effects. Based on these results, we argue that dismissing habitat fragmentation as a powerful force driving species extinction in tropical forest landscapes is premature and unsafe

Implementation of a Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional (BALANCE) Program for improvement on quality of diet and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events: A randomized, multicenter trial

Background: Appropriate dietary recommendations represent a key part of secondary prevention in cardiovascular disease (CVD). We evaluated the effectiveness of the implementation of a nutritional program on quality of diet, cardiovascular events, and death in patients with established CVD. Methods: In this open-label, multicenter trial conducted in 35 sites in Brazil, we randomly assigned (1:1) patients aged 45 years or older to receive either the BALANCE Program (experimental group) or conventional nutrition advice (control group). The BALANCE Program included a unique nutritional education strategy to implement recommendations from guidelines, adapted to the use of affordable and regional foods. Adherence to diet was evaluated by the modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index. The primary end point was a composite of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, stroke, myocardial revascularization, amputation, or hospitalization for unstable angina. Secondary end points included biochemical and anthropometric data, and blood pressure levels. Results: From March 5, 2013, to Abril 7, 2015, a total of 2534 eligible patients were randomly assigned to either the BALANCE Program group (n = 1,266) or the control group (n = 1,268) and were followed up for a median of 3.5 years. In total, 235 (9.3%) participants had been lost to follow-up. After 3 years of follow-up, mean modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index (scale 0-70) was only slightly higher in the BALANCE group versus the control group (26.2 ± 8.4 vs 24.7 ± 8.6, P <.01), mainly due to a 0.5-serving/d greater intake of fruits and of vegetables in the BALANCE group. Primary end point events occurred in 236 participants (18.8%) in the BALANCE group and in 207 participants (16.4%) in the control group (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% CI 0.95-1.38; P =.15). Secondary end points did not differ between groups after follow-up. Conclusions: The BALANCE Program only slightly improved adherence to a healthy diet in patients with established CVD and had no significant effect on the incidence of cardiovascular events or death. © 2019 The Author