A avaliação de competências históricas através da interpretação da evidência : um estudo com alunos do ensino secundário

Tese de doutoramento em Ciências da Educação (área de especialização em Educação em História e Ciências Sociais)Dada a sua complexidade, o conceito de evidência histórica integra, ainda de forma emergente, o léxico do ensino da História, em Portugal. Embora a utilização das fontes esteja contemplada como uma das competências a desenvolver ao nível dos programas da disciplina de História do ensino secundário, e seja um dos critérios fundamentais na conceção e avaliação das provas de exame nacionais, observa-se ainda um nível de interpretação das fontes por parte dos alunos do ensino secundário, centrado sobretudo na reprodução de mensagens. Este estudo, de natureza descritiva, e partindo de uma abordagem qualitativa, pretendeu perceber, através da utilização de entrevistas e questionários, como é que as ideias dos alunos do 12º ano acerca da evidência histórica se podem refletir nos resultados dos exames de História do 12º ano. Os dados, analisados de acordo com a Grounded Theory, permitiram a construção de um quadro concetual a partir do qual se construíram categorias em duas dimensões de análise – uma relativa ao uso das fontes e a outra respeitante à visão do passado. A partir do cruzamento das categorias decorrentes destas duas dimensões, construíram-se perfis de alunos, que poderão corresponder a níveis de desempenho dos alunos, numa situação de avaliação sumativa, em torno das questões da evidência histórica. O tratamento dos dados revelou uma associação tendencial entre a utilização que os alunos fazem das fontes e a visão que apresentam acerca do passado, o que demonstra a importância de um apropriado uso das fontes para a formação de uma consciência histórica avançada. A análise sugere também que algumas das debilidades verificadas nos resultados obtidos pelos alunos nos exames nacionais se relacionam com a forma como a História é ensinada, pelo que se sugerem metodologias de ensino da História tendentes a desenvolver, nos alunos, uma consciência histórica que lhes permita lidar com o mundo global e de informação plural em que vivemos.Given the complexity of the concept of historical evidence, this idea is still scarcely emerging in the lexicon of history education, in Portugal. Although the use of sources is one of the competences enunciated in the secondary history curricula, and one of the main criteria for the conception and assessment in the national examinations, there is still observed a low level of source interpretation in secondary student’s achievement. This descriptive and qualitative study tried to understand, trough interviews and questionnaires, how ideas of 12th grade students about historical evidence might be reflected in national examinations results. The analysis of data according to the Grounded Theory method allowed the construction of a conceptual framework on the basis of which a set of categories were constructed within two dimensions – one related to the use of sources, and another one concerning the vision of the past. From a cross categorization in these two dimensions, conceptual profiles integrating different levels were built, as a proposal to inspire students assessment levels on evidence. Data analysis revealed that the use that students make of the sources is often related to the vision of the past they present. This suggests the importance of an appropriate use of sources to the construction of a consistent historical consciousness. The results of the study show that some of the fragilities found in students results in national examinations might be related to the way history is being taught. New teaching approaches are suggested, in order to develop in students a kind of historical consciousness useful to deal with the global world and the plural messages of today

The effects of cannabinoids on glioblastoma growth: A systematic review with meta-analysis of animal model studies

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive malignant brain tumour, with a poor prognosis despite available surgical and radio-chemotherapy, rising the necessity for searching alternative therapies. Several preclinical studies evaluating the efficacy of cannabinoids in animal models of GBM have been described, but the diversity of experimental conditions and of outcomes hindered definitive conclusions about cannabinoids efficacy. A search in different databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and SciELO) was conducted during June 2019 to systematically identify publications evaluating the effects of cannabinoids in murine xenografts models of GBM. The tumour volume and number of animals were extracted, and a random effects meta-analysis of these results was performed to estimate the efficacy of cannabinoids. The impact of different experimental factors and publication bias on the efficacy of cannabinoids was also assessed. Nine publications, which satisfied the inclusion criteria, were identified and subdivided in 22 studies involving 301 animals. Overall, cannabinoid therapy reduced the fold of increase in tumour volume in animal models of GBM, when compared with untreated controls. The overall weighted standardized difference in means (WSDM) for the effect of cannabinoids was -1.399 (95% CI: -1.900 to -0.898; P-value<0.0001). Furthermore, treatment efficacy was observed for different types of cannabinoids, alone or in combination, and for different treatment durations. Cannabinoid therapy was still effective after correcting for publication bias. The results indicate that cannabinoids reduce the tumour growth in animal models of GBM, even after accounting for publication bias.Operação Centro-01-0145-FEDER-000019-C4-Centro de Competências em Cloud Computinginfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Dietary antioxidants in coffee leaves: impact of botanical origin and maturity on chlorogenic acids and xanthones

Natural polyphenols are important dietary antioxidants that significantly benefit human health. Coffee and tea have been shown to largely contribute to the dietary intake of these antioxidants in several populations. More recently, the use of coffee leaves to produce tea has become a potential commercial target, therefore prompting studies on the quantification of polyphenols in coffee leaves. In this study a variety of coffee leaf species, at different development stages, were analyzed using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography. The results demonstrate that both the botanical origin of the samples and their maturity influence significantly the concentration of the antioxidants; for total chlorogenic acids a two-fold difference was found between different species and up to a three-fold variation was observed between young and mature leaves. Furthermore, the range of concentrations of chlorogenic acids in young leaves (35.7–80.8 mg/g of dry matter) were found to be comparable to the one reported for green coffee beans. The results provide important data from which potential new commercial products can be developedinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Efeito antibacteriano (in vitro) de Moringa oleifera (moringa) e Annona muricata (graviola) frente a bactérias Gram-negativas e Gram-positiva

Para avaliação do efeito bactericida frente à Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli (isolada de pescados e ambiente aquático) e Salmonella Enteretidis, foram testados extratos aquosos e etanólicos de sementes de moringa (Moringa oleifera) e casca de graviola (Annona muricata) na concentração de 1:5 e 1:10, nos volumes de 50, 100, 150 e 200 µL. Os resultados mostraram efeito antibacteriano (halo de inibição >; 13mm) dos extratos aquosos e etanólicos de moringa frente a S. aureus, V. cholerae e E. coli isoladas de camarão cinza Litopenaeus vannmaei. A cepa de E. coli isolada do pescado Oreochromis niloticus apresentou sensibilidade frente ao extrato etanólico de moringa. Os extratos aquosos de graviola apresentaram efeito bactericida frente a S. aureus e V. cholerae, entretanto, os extratos etanólicos dessa planta não mostraram atividade antibacteriana.Antibacterial effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of seeds of moringa (Moringa oleifera) and pods of soursop (Annona muricata) in the concentration of 1:5 and 1:10 in volumes 50, 100, 150 and 200 µL were examined against Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli (isolated from the organism and the aquatic environment) and Salmonella Enteritidis. Antibacterial activity (inhibition halo >; 13 mm) against S. aureus, V. cholerae and E. coli isolated from the whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannmaei, was detected in aqueous and ethanolic extracts of moringa. E. coli isolated from tilapiafish, Oreochromis niloticus, was sensitive to the ethanolic extract of moringa. The aqueous extracts of soursop showed an antibacterial effect against S. aureus and V. cholerae, but the antibacterial activity by the ethanol extracts of this plant was not demonstrated

INFLUÊNCIA DA SALINIDADE NA PRODUÇÃO DE BIOMASSA E DE LIPÍDIOS DURANTE O CULTIVO DAS MICROALGAS Tetraselmis gracilis E Phaeodactylum tricornutum

As microalgas são organismos fotossintetizantes que apresentam diversas aplicações econômicas, como utilização na alimentação humana, animal e na produção de biocombustíveis devido a sua biomassa rica em subprodutos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a produtividade das espécies Tetraselmis gracilis e Phaeodactylum tricornutum frente as salinidades de 17o/oo, 26 o/oo e 35o/oo, aplicadas nos meios de cultivo. Os cultivos foram realizados em meio F/2 Guillard modificado utilizando água do mar filtrada com salinidade natural de 17o/oo. A densidade celular dos cultivos foi monitorada através da contagem de células, a biomassa e o teor de lipídios foram obtidos na fase estacionária dos cultivos. Os cultivos com maior produtividade de biomassa foram os que apresentaram menor teor de lipídios da biomassa seca. Desta forma, visando a produção de lipídios a salinidade ideal para espécie Tetraselmis gracilis é de 17o/oo com teor de lipídios de 27,88% e para a espécie Phaeodactylum tricornutum seria aplicável 26o/oo pois apresentou 12,26%.

Sialic acids: from the comprehension of their involvement in biological processes to antiinfluenza drug design

Sialic acids are nine-carbon carbohydrates that occur widely in nature and occupy the terminal portions of some glycoproteins and glycolipids of cell membranes. These carbohydrates are closely involved in cell-cell interactions and in processes such as microbial infection, inflammation, etc. Studies on the participation of sialic acids in biological processes have provided comprehension about their role in the infection by the influenza virus, the causal agent of flu. In this article, we present an overview of the importance of sialic acids in the influenza virus infection and how the knowledge of their involvement in this process has allowed the development of selective and efficient drugs against the virus.30631

Influence of Salinity on Biomass and Lipid Production During the Cultivation of Microalgae Tetraselmis gracilis andPhaeodactylum tricornutum

As microalgas são organismos fotossintetizantes que apresentam diversas aplicações econômicas, como utilização na alimentação humana, animal e na produção de biocombustíveis devido a sua biomassa rica em subprodutos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a produtividade das espécies Tetraselmis gracilis e Phaeodactylum tricornutum frente assalinidades de 17 o /oo, 26 o /oo e 35 o /oo, aplicadas nos meios de cultivo. Os cultivos foram realizados em meio F/2 Guillard modificado utilizando água do mar filtrada com salinidade natural de 17 o /oo. A densidade celular dos cultivos foi monitorada através da contagem de células, a biomassa e o teor de lipídios foram obtidos na fase estacionária dos cultivos. Os cultivos com maior produtividade de biomassa foram os que apresentaram menor teor de lipídios da biomassa seca. Desta forma, visando a produção de lipídios a salinidade ideal para espécie Tetraselmis gracilis é de 17 o /oo com teor de lipídios de 27,88% e para a espécie Phaeodactylum tricornutum seria aplicável 26 o /oo pois apresentou 12,26%.Microalgae are photosynthetic organisms that have several economic applications, such as the use in human and animal food and in the production of biofuels due to their biomass rich in by-products. The present study aimed to evaluate the species Tetraselmis gracilis and Phaeodactylum tricornutum front as salinities of 17o /oo, 26o /oo and 35o /oo use in the culture media. Cultures were carried out in modified F/2 Guillard medium using filtered seawater with natural salinity of 17 o /oo. The cell density of the cultures was monitored by counting cells, the biomass and the lipid content were obtained in the stationary phase of the cultures. The cultures with the highest biomass productivity were those with the lowest lipid content in dry biomass. Thus, aiming at the production of lipids, the ideal salinity for the species Tetraselmis gracilis is 17 o /oo with a lipid content of 27,88% and for the species Phaeodactylum tricornutum it would be applicable 26 o /oo because it presented 12,26%

Boron nutrition affects membrane leakage and the chemical composition of leaves and fruits of Olea europaea

Boron (B) is an essential microelement for plants, being its deficiency the most frequent micronutrient disorder in olive tree. The main functions of boron are related to cell wall strength and development, membrane function, cell division, fruit and seed development, water relations, sugar transport and hormone development. The study conducted in Bragança (Northeast Portugal), under rainfed conditions, shows that application of Bfertilizer decreased the symptoms of oxidative stress on leaves, both in summer and, with higher extent, in winter. In fact, B-treated trees presented lower electrolyte leakage, in a closely association with higher concentration of total thiols. Moreover, boron increased the concentration of soluble sugars, while decreased the accumulation of starch in both seasons. Meanwhile, total soluble proteins and total phenols levels were higher in Bfertilized plants during the summer period, whereas in winter, after frost events, the concentration of phenols was higher in B-starved trees. The chemical composition of fruits at final harvest revealed that B-supply increases the soluble sugars and the pulp ash content, decreases organic matter and dietary fiber, whilst the crude protein concentration was similar between treatments. Thus, the present study showed that addition of Bfertilizer affects the metabolism of olive tree and give new insights about the effect of boron on plant physiology and biochemistry that will help to refine the improvement in Bfertilizer recommendations for olive growing areas.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

AS MÚSICAS TRADICIONAIS MOÇAMBICANAS COMO FONTE DE CONSTRUÇÃO DAS IDENTIDADES SOCIOCULTURAIS

TRADITIONAL MOZAMBICAN MUSIC AS A SOURCE OF SOCIO-CULTURAL IDENTITIESResumoO presente artigo intitulado As músicas tradicionais moçambicanas como fonte de construção das identidades socioculturais resulta da implementação do Projecto “A criatividade artística e hermenêutica das músicas moçambicanas: caso dos distritos de Chibuto, Dondo, Angónia, Mueda e Mecubúri” financiado pelo Fundo Nacional de Investigação (FNI), executado por pesquisadores da Universidade Pedagógica de Maputo. O artigo pretende analisar o papel das músicas tradicionais moçambicanas no processo de construção das identidades socioculturais e a contribuição na preservação das músicas e culturas locais. Defendemos, neste artigo, a tese segundo a qual as músicas tradicionais moçambicanas constituem o arcabouço cultural, fonte das identidades socioculturais e meio sobre qual se socializam os sentimentos, as emoções, os valores culturais, os ensinamentos, etc. Em termos metodológicos, o artigo resulta da interpretação de dados recolhidos através do trabalho de campo realizado nos distritos destacados e de leituras e interpretações da literatura que discute sobre a música e identidade. A pesquisa concluiu que as músicas tradicionais moçambicanas ocupam um lugar relevante no processo de educação tradicional, da construção das identidades socioculturais e na preservação do património cultural local e nacional. Também a pesquisa mostra que a mulher é artífice e guardiã das músicas tradicionais moçambicanas. Portanto, ela é sujeito activo e/ou principal no processo da construção das identidades socioculturais.Palavras-chave: Músicas tradicionais, Identidades, Cultura, Educação, Mulher SummaryThis article entitled Mozambican traditional music as a source of socio-cultural identities, results from the implementation of the Project “The artistic and hermeneutical creativity of Mozambican music: case of the districts of Chibto, Dondo, Angónia, Mueda e Mecubúri” financed by the National Research Fund (FNI), carried out by researchers from the Pedagogical University of Maputo. The article aims to analyze the role of traditional Mozambican music in the process of building sociocultural identities and the contribution to the preservation of local music and cultures. In this article, we defend the thesis that traditional Mozambican music constitutes the cultural framework, the source of sociocultural identities and the medium on which feelings, emotions, cultural values, teachings, etc. are socialized. In methodological terms, the article results from the interpretation of data collected through fieldwork carried out in the highlighted districts and from readings and interpretations of the literature that discusses music and identity. The research concluded that traditional Mozambican music occupies an important place in the traditional education process, in the construction of sociocultural identities and in the preservation of local and national cultural heritage. Research also shows that women are artisans and guardians of traditional Mozambican music. Therefore, it is an active and / or main subject in the process of building sociocultural identities.Keyword: Traditional music, Identities, Culture, Education, Woma