13 research outputs found
TRACKING THE EVOLUTION OF E-GROCERS: A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Forecasts of the proportion of food retailing likely to be conducted over the Internet remain small, perhaps only contributing 2 percent of sales. One reason for this low market share is the challenge E-Grocers face in developing strategies which respond to four key areas of interest to consumers: signals of firm quality; signals of product quality; the range of products offered; and service, or customer-relationship management (CRM). Careful attention to these consumer concerns is important in all retail relationships–-online or offline. This paper compares indicators of these factors across U.S. E-Grocers. A quantitative four-period ranking of online food-retailing strategies is presented for the nascent industry. Data from the third and fourth quarters of 2001, the fourth quarter of 2002, and the first quarter of 2004 provide the basis of this discussion. After initial setbacks, data show traditional ("“bricks”") grocery retailers successfully developing online strategies. Firms not primarily focused on groceries exited the E-Grocery sector, while the development of specialty food suppliers blurred the concept of online food retailing. Gaps in current strategies are indicated using content analyses of E-Grocery web sites.Agribusiness,
Intestinal Ralstonia pickettii augments glucose intolerance in obesity
An altered intestinal microbiota composition has been implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease including obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Low grade inflammation, potentially initiated by the intestinal microbiota, has been suggested to be a driving force in the development of insulin resistance in obesity. Here, we report that bacterial DNA is present in mesenteric adipose tissue of obese but otherwise healthy human subjects. Pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes revealed that DNA from the Gram-negative species Ralstonia was most prevalent. Interestingly, fecal abundance of Ralstonia pickettii was increased in obese subjects with pre-diabetes and T2DM. To assess if R. pickettii was causally involved in development of obesity and T2DM, we performed a proof-of-concept study in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Compared to vehicle-treated control mice, R. pickettii-treated DIO mice had reduced glucose tolerance. In addition, circulating levels of endotoxin were increased in R. pickettii-treated mice. In conclusion, this study suggests that intestinal Ralstonia is increased in obese human subjects with T2DM and reciprocally worsens glucose tolerance in DIO mice.Peer reviewe
Presenilin 2 Is the Predominant γ-Secretase in Microglia and Modulates Cytokine Release
Presenilin 1 (PS1) and Presenilin 2 (PS2) are the enzymatic component of the γ-secretase complex that cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP) to release amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. PS deficiency in mice results in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the absence of accumulated Aβ. We hypothesize that PS influences neuroinflammation through its γ-secretase action in CNS innate immune cells. We exposed primary murine microglia to a pharmacological γ-secretase inhibitor which resulted in exaggerated release of TNFα and IL-6 in response to lipopolysaccharide. To determine if this response was mediated by PS1, PS2 or both we used shRNA to knockdown each PS in a murine microglia cell line. Knockdown of PS1 did not lead to decreased γ-secretase activity while PS2 knockdown caused markedly decreased γ-secretase activity. Augmented proinflammatory cytokine release was observed after knockdown of PS2 but not PS1. Proinflammatory stimuli increased microglial PS2 gene transcription and protein in vitro. This is the first demonstration that PS2 regulates CNS innate immunity. Taken together, our findings suggest that PS2 is the predominant γ-secretase in microglia and modulates release of proinflammatory cytokines. We propose PS2 may participate in a negative feedback loop regulating inflammatory behavior in microglia
Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome
The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead
TRACKING THE EVOLUTION OF E-GROCERS: A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
Forecasts of the proportion of food retailing likely to be conducted over the Internet remain small, perhaps only contributing 2 percent of sales. One reason for this low market share is the challenge E-Grocers face in developing strategies which respond to four key areas of interest to consumers: signals of firm quality; signals of product quality; the range of products offered; and service, or customer-relationship management (CRM). Careful attention to these consumer concerns is important in all retail relationships-online or offline. This paper compares indicators of these factors across U.S. E-Grocers. A quantitative four-period ranking of online food-retailing strategies is presented for the nascent industry. Data from the third and fourth quarters of 2001, the fourth quarter of 2002, and the first quarter of 2004 provide the basis of this discussion. After initial setbacks, data show traditional ("bricks") grocery retailers successfully developing online strategies. Firms not primarily focused on groceries exited the E-Grocery sector, while the development of specialty food suppliers blurred the concept of online food retailing. Gaps in current strategies are indicated using content analyses of E-Grocery web sites
Glucose transporters control gene expression of aldose reductase, PKCα, and GLUT1 in mesangial cells in vitro
Data from: Intestinal Ralstonia pickettii augments glucose intolerance in obesity
An altered intestinal microbiota composition has been implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease including obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Low grade inflammation, potentially initiated by the intestinal microbiota, has been suggested to be a driving force in the development of insulin resistance in obesity. Here, we report that bacterial DNA is present in mesenteric adipose tissue of obese but otherwise healthy human subjects. Pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes revealed that DNA from the Gram-negative species Ralstonia was most prevalent. Interestingly, fecal abundance of Ralstonia pickettii was increased in obese subjects with pre-diabetes and T2DM. To assess if R. pickettii was causally involved in development of obesity and T2DM, we performed a proof-of-concept study in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Compared to vehicle-treated control mice, R. pickettii-treated DIO mice had reduced glucose tolerance. In addition, circulating levels of endotoxin were increased in R. pickettii-treated mice. In conclusion, this study suggests that intestinal Ralstonia is increased in obese human subjects with T2DM and reciprocally worsens glucose tolerance in DIO mice