Identifying Bedrest Using Waist-worn Triaxial Accelerometers in Preschool Children

Purpose To adapt and validate a previously developed decision tree for youth to identify bedrest for use in preschool children. Methods Parents of healthy preschool (3-6-year-old) children (n = 610; 294 males) were asked to help them to wear an accelerometer for 7 to 10 days and 24 hours/day on their waist. Children with ≥3 nights of valid recordings were randomly allocated to the development (n = 200) and validation (n = 200) groups. Wear periods from accelerometer recordings were identified minute-by-minute as bedrest or wake using visual identification by two independent raters. To automate visual identification, chosen decision tree (DT) parameters (block length, threshold, bedrest-start trigger, and bedrest-end trigger) were optimized in the development group using a Nelder-Mead simplex optimization method, which maximized the accuracy of DT-identified bedrest in 1-min epochs against synchronized visually identified bedrest (n = 4,730,734). DT\u27s performance with optimized parameters was compared with the visual identification, commonly used Sadeh’s sleep detection algorithm, DT for youth (10-18-years-old), and parental survey of sleep duration in the validation group. Results On average, children wore an accelerometer for 8.3 days and 20.8 hours/day. Comparing the DT-identified bedrest with visual identification in the validation group yielded sensitivity = 0.941, specificity = 0.974, and accuracy = 0.956. The optimal block length was 36 min, the threshold 230 counts/min, the bedrest-start trigger 305 counts/min, and the bedrest-end trigger 1,129 counts/min. In the validation group, DT identified bedrest with greater accuracy than Sadeh’s algorithm (0.956 and 0.902) and DT for youth (0.956 and 0.861) (both P\u3c0.001). Both DT (564±77 min/day) and Sadeh’s algorithm (604±80 min/day) identified significantly less bedrest/sleep than parental survey (650±81 min/day) (both P\u3c0.001). Conclusions The DT-based algorithm initially developed for youth was adapted for preschool children to identify time spent in bedrest with high accuracy. The DT is available as a package for the R open-source software environment (“PhysActBedRest”)

Operationalising Agency: A Personalized Approach to Public Health

Our work brings together theories and methodologies from public health and the learning sciences to develop a culturally relevant community-based intervention aimed at promoting healthy childhood development. We present our approach to personalising a community-based family intervention to prevent childhood obesity that aims to enhance participants’ agency. We argue that situating obesity within the individual’s multi-layered context not only provides a more robust understanding of the causes, but also generates sustainable options for promoting healthy lifestyles. Our findings emphasise the importance of a situated approach to learning that leverages social systems as a key resource for better navigating the environmental, material and ideational infrastructures that support healthy lifestyles

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Injury Prevention Behaviors Among Caregivers of Infants

African American and Latino children experience higher rates of traumatic injury and mortality, but the extent to which parents of different races and ethnicities disparately enact injury prevention behaviors has not been fully characterized. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between caregiver race/ethnicity and adherence to injury prevention recommendations

Health Literacy and Injury Prevention Behaviors Among Caregivers of Infants

Unintentional injury is a leading cause of infant mortality

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Community readiness assessment for obesity research: pilot implementation of the Healthier Families programme

Abstract Background This article reports on the development of a systematic approach to assess for community readiness prior to implementation of a behavioural intervention for childhood obesity. Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), we developed research tools to evaluate local community centres’ organisational readiness and their capacity to implement the intervention. Methods Four community Parks and Recreation centres from different states expressed interest in piloting an approach for dissemination and implementation of an evidence-based obesity prevention program for families with young children (Healthier Families). We conducted a mixed methods pre-implementation evaluation using the CFIR to evaluate the alignment of organisational priorities with the Healthier Families programme. Written surveys assessed organisational readiness for change amongst organisational leaders, recreation programmers, and staff (N = 25). Key informant interviews were conducted among staff to assess organisational readiness and with community members to assess community readiness (N = 64). Surveys were analysed with univariate statistics. Interviews were transcribed, coded and analysed using inductive and deductive methods of analysis. Results Mixed-methods analysis led to the identification of three key domains on which to assess the organisational readiness to adopt a childhood obesity intervention, namely the physical infrastructure, the knowledge infrastructure, and the social infrastructure. The most critical measure of compatibility was the social infrastructure, since obstacles in the knowledge and physical infrastructures could be overcome by the strength of social resources, including the staff’s ingenuity and commitment to a healthier community. This approach guided an assessment of organisational readiness prior to community organisations adopting and preparing to disseminate an obesity prevention community-based program in a wide-range of social and environmental contexts. Conclusions Using a comprehensive pre-implementation assessment of the knowledge, physical and social infrastructures in a community is an essential step in effective dissemination for community-based behavioural interventions. Our research found that, when evaluating readiness and alignment, a responsive social infrastructure could provide the capacity to overcome potential barriers to implementation in either the knowledge or physical infrastructures

Contribution of public libraries to children's reading development

Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na popsání současného stavu čtenářské úrovně dětí předškolního a mladšího školního věku. Každý věkový stupeň dítěte vyžaduje jiný přístup a je schopný dosáhnout jiných pokroků. Zdůrazněn je příklad rodičů a později také vliv knihovny. U dětí předškolního věku je podrobně rozebrán vliv vyprávění, ať už od rodičů, což by mělo být primární, nebo pak prostřednictvím knihovnice, a pohádek na psychický rozvoj dítěte. Dále také to, jaké jsou způsoby práce s těmito malými uživateli a jejich uvedení do knihoven, jak se dělí literatura pro děti předškolního věku a jak a podle čeho by se měla vybírat. Důležitáý je i vliv hraných divadel a besed, při kterých se děti sami zapojují a rozvíjejí tak nejen své myšlení, řeč a zájmy, ale postupně i své povědomí o tom, co je to knihovna a co jim může přinést. U dětí mladšího školního věku je důležité zaměřit se na to, jak je do knihovny přivést a jak s nimi pracovat tak, aby si zvykly knihovnu používat jako první zdroj informací. Na tyto děti mají stále ještě vliv pohádky a povídky, ale tyto zájmy se s postupem času specifikují. Začíná se také objevovat zájem o populárně naučnou literaturu. Dále jsou popsány různé typy programů a akcí, např. besedy s autory, divadla, výstavy prací, autorská čtení, přednesy a soutěže, kterými se knihovny snaží...Ústav informačních studií a knihovnictvíInstitute of Information Studies and LibrarianshipFaculty of ArtsFilozofická fakult

A longitudinal analysis of relationships between neighborhood context and underserved children’s physical activity in a rapidly growing city

Neighborhood context, which may be impacted by urban growth or residential mobility, is associated with childhood physical activity. This secondary analysis examined associations of objectively measured neighborhood characteristics with young children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary/rest time (SRT) over a period of rapid infrastructure change.Underserved preschoolers (n = 426) from a 36-month obesity prevention intervention were included in a secondary analysis (2019–2020). Based on household addresses, participants were coded as movers or non-movers and linked to four neighborhood variables: 1) distance to recreation sites, 2) annual crimes, 3) annual stray dogs, and 4) Gini index of income inequality. Accelerometry captured MVPA and SRT at baseline and 36 months. Baseline-to-follow-up neighborhood variables within moved and non-moved groups were compared. Multivariable regression assessed associations between follow-up MVPA/SRT and neighborhood variables.45.3% of participants (n = 193) moved. Distance to the closest recreation site decreased significantly for non-movers (0.75 to 0.72 mi, p < 0.001). Nearby crimes significantly decreased for both groups (movers: 90 to 80, p < 0.001; non-movers: 77 to 74, p < 0.001) as did stray dogs (movers: 36 to 15, p < 0.001; non-movers: 36 to 18, p < 0.001). Neighborhood income inequality decreased significantly for movers (0.41 to 0.38, p = 0.03). Child MVPA minutes/day significantly decreased over time from median = 84.7 [Q1 = 64.1, Q3 = 103.9] to median = 73.6 [Q1 = 56.1, Q3 = 96.0], p < 0.001). No significant associations were detected between neighborhood variables and child physical activity.In a rapidly growing county, neighborhood context generally improved over time regardless of move status. Within this context, no associations between neighborhood characteristics and MVPA/SRT were detected in children