Lidelse ved endometriose

Bakgrunn Endometriose er en sykdom som kan medføre store lidelser og ha stor innvirkning på de rammede kvinnenes liv. Til tross for dette er det mangel på kunnskap om sykdommen blant helsepersonell. Ved å øke bevisstheten rundt endometriose kan sykepleiere bidra til at kvinnene blir bedre ivaretatt. Nettopp derfor trengs det forskningsbasert kunnskap om hvordan lidelse kan lindres hos denne pasientgruppen. Hensikt Hensikten med oppgaven er å beskrive opplevd lidelse hos pasienter med endometriose. Videre ønsker vi å undersøke hvordan sykepleier i spesialisthelsetjenesten kan bidra til å lindre lidelse hos denne pasientgruppen. Metode Integrativ litteraturstudie ble brukt som metode, der fem vitenskapelige artikler ble nøye analysert. Resultatene fra studiene, relevant litteratur og egne refleksjoner danner grunnlaget for denne oppgaven. Resultater Kvinnene opplevde at endometriose medførte lidelse i form av sterke fysiske smerter, å ikke bli trodd av helsepersonell og utfordringer med relasjoner. Ikke-medikamentelle smertelindringstiltak var en viktig del av å lindre fysiske smerter. For at sykepleier skal kunne møte og ivareta kvinnene på best mulig måte er det behov for å øke sykepleieres kunnskap om endometriose. For å lindre lidelse er det også viktig å møte kvinnene med endometriose som individuelle unike mennesker. Sykepleier kan lindre lidelse ytterligere ved å involvere pårørende. Nøkkelord Sykepleie, endometriose, lidelse, lindre lidelse, fysiske smerter, anerkjennelse, sosiale relasjoner, pårørende, GSD, kunnska

Predicting Habitat Properties Using Remote Sensing Data: Soil pH and Moisture, and Ground Vegetation Cover

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Remote sensing data comprise a valuable information source for many ecological landscape studies that may be under-utilized because of an overwhelming amount of processing methods and derived variables. These complexities, combined with a scarcity of quality control studies, make the selection of appropriate remote sensed variables challenging. Quality control studies are necessary to evaluate the predictive power of remote sensing data and to develop parsimonious models underpinned by functional variables, i.e., cause rather than solely correlation. Cause-based models yield superior model transferability across different landscapes and ecological settings. We propose two basic guidelines for conducting such quality control studies that increase transferability and predictive power. The first is to favour predictors that are causally related to the response. The second is to include additional variables controlling variation in the property of interest and testing for optimum processing method and/or scale. Here, we evaluated these principles in predicting ground vegetation cover, soil moisture and pH under challenging conditions with forest canopies hindering direct remote sensing of the ground. Our model using lidar data combined with natural resource maps explained most of the observed variation in soil pH and moisture, and somewhat less variation of ground vegetation cover. Soil pH was best predicted by topographic position, sediment type and site index (R 2 = 0.90). Soil moisture was best predicted by topographic position, radiation load, sediment type and site index (R 2 = 0.83). The best model for predicting ground vegetation cover was a combination of lidar-based estimates for light availability below canopy and forest type, including an interaction between these two variables (R 2 = 0.65).publishedVersio

Characteristics associated with organic food consumption during pregnancy; data from a large cohort of pregnant women in Norway

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Little is known about the use of organic food during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to describe characteristics associated with the use of organic food among pregnant women participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The present study includes 63,561 women who during the years 2002-2007 answered two questionnaires, a general health questionnaire at gestational week 15 and a food frequency questionnaire at weeks 17-22. We used linear binomial regression with frequent versus rare use of organic food as outcome variable and characteristics of the respondent as independent variables. The outcome variable was derived from self-reported frequency of organic food use in six main food groups (milk/dairy, bread/cereal, eggs, vegetables, fruit and meat).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Organic eggs and vegetables were the food items which were most frequently reported to be used "often" or "mostly". The proportion of women reporting frequent intake of organic food was 9.1% (n = 5754). This group included more women in the lower (<25 years) and higher (>40 years) age-groups, with normal or low body mass index, who were vegetarians, exercised regularly (3+times weekly), consumed alcohol and smoked cigarettes during pregnancy (p < 0.001 for all, except alcohol: p=0.044). Further, participants with frequent organic consumption included more women in the lower (≤12 years) or higher (17 years +) category of educational attainment, women who were students or had a partner being a student, who belonged to the lowest household income group (both respondent and her partner earned <300 000 NOK), who entered the study 2005-2007, and who lived in an urban area (p < 0.001 for all).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The socio-economic characteristics of pregnant Norwegian women with frequent organic consumption did not unambiguously follow those typically associated with better health, such as higher levels of education and income. Rather, lower household income, and both lowest and highest levels of education were associated with a higher prevalence of frequent organic consumption. The results indicate that personal and socio-economic characteristics are important covariates and need to be included in future studies of potential health outcomes related to organic food consumption during pregnancy.</p

Prosjekt salgslag / Fiskeridirektorat. Utvalg som har jobbet med forbedring av regler og rutiner i salgslagene og Fiskeridirektoratet for å fremme en bedre og mer kostnadseffektiv ressurskontroll.

Endringsgruppen. Delrapport B

Associations between Serial Intravitreal Injections and Dry Eye

Purpose To investigate the effects of serial intravitreal injections (IVIs) on the ocular surface and meibomian glands (MGs) in patients treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Design Retrospective, controlled, observational study. Participants Patients with nAMD receiving unilateral IVIs with anti-VEGF agents. The fellow eye was used as control. Methods Tear film and ocular surface examinations were performed on a single occasion at a minimum of 4 weeks after IVI. A pre-IVI asepsis protocol with povidone-iodine (PVP-I) was applied. Main Outcome Measures Upper and lower MG loss, tear meniscus height (TMH), bulbar redness (BR) score, noninvasive tear break-up time (NIBUT), tear film osmolarity (TOsm), Schirmer test, corneal staining, fluorescein tear film break-up time (TBUT), meibomian gland expressibility (ME), and meibum quality. Results Ninety patients with a mean age of 77.5 years (standard deviation [SD], 8.4; range 54–95) were included. The median number of IVIs in treated eyes was 19.5 (range, 2–132). Mean MG loss in the upper eyelid was 19.1% (SD, 11.3) in treated eyes and 25.5% (SD, 14.6) in untreated fellow eyes (P = 0.001). For the lower eyelid, median MG loss was 17.4% (interquartile range [IQR], 9.4–29.9) in treated eyes and 24.5% (IQR, 14.2–35.2) in fellow eyes (P < 0.001). Mean BR was 1.32 (SD, 0.46) in treated eyes versus 1.44 (SD, 0.45) in fellow eyes (P = 0.017). Median TMH was 0.36 mm (IQR, 0.28–0.52) in treated eyes and 0.32 mm (IQR, 0.24–0.49) in fellow eyes (P = 0.02). There were no differences between treated and fellow eyes regarding NIBUT, TOsm, Schirmer test, corneal staining, fluorescein TBUT, ME, or meibum quality. Conclusions Repeated IVIs with anti-VEGF with preoperative PVP-I application was associated with reduced MG loss, increased tear volume, and reduced signs of inflammation compared with fellow nontreated eyes in patients with nAMD. This regimen may thus have a beneficial effect on the ocular surface.publishedVersio

Microclimate and topography influence genetic differentiation in northern crested newt (Triturus cristatus) in a boreal forest ecosystem

Among all vertebrates, the amphibians is the group that currently has the highest proportion of threatened species, and monitored populations have suffered large declines since 1970. The most widespread threat is loss of habitat. Habitat loss makes the reduced populations more dependent on immigration for survival. Moreover, habitat loss often leads to habitat fragmentation, which tends to increase population isolation, and thereby expose them to several genetic threats. Immigration can counteract these threats. Investigation of spatial patterns and levels of population genetic differentiation are fundamental for knowledge-based conservation measures. The northern crested newt (Triturus cristatus) is a pond breeding amphibian which shows a decreasing population trend in Europe, and is listed as near threatened in Norway. I studied the northern crested newt in a boreal forest ecosystem subject to fragmentation and habitat loss by clear-cutting and road-building. It was documented that the intervening landscape between breeding ponds, affect the genetic differentiation, in addition to the isolation-by-distance effect. Data and analysis indicated that both microclimate and topography may play a role. South/south-west facing slopes, slopes 30° and steeper and gravel roads in addition to geographical distance, increased genetic differentiation, i.e. reduced landscape permeability for northern crested newts. The opposite effect was observed for streams, presumably more favorable for newt dispersal. Furthermore, populations within or directly adjacent to old forest had a higher allelic diversity than populations outside these areas. Such areas may therefore be important source habitats in the conservation of northern crested newt populations.publishedVersio

Microclimate and topography influence genetic differentiation in northern crested newt (Triturus cristatus) in a boreal forest ecosystem

Among all vertebrates, the amphibians is the group that currently has the highest proportion of threatened species, and monitored populations have suffered large declines since 1970. The most widespread threat is loss of habitat. Habitat loss makes the reduced populations more dependent on immigration for survival. Moreover, habitat loss often leads to habitat fragmentation, which tends to increase population isolation, and thereby expose them to several genetic threats. Immigration can counteract these threats. Investigation of spatial patterns and levels of population genetic differentiation are fundamental for knowledge-based conservation measures. The northern crested newt (Triturus cristatus) is a pond breeding amphibian which shows a decreasing population trend in Europe, and is listed as near threatened in Norway. I studied the northern crested newt in a boreal forest ecosystem subject to fragmentation and habitat loss by clear-cutting and road-building. It was documented that the intervening landscape between breeding ponds, affect the genetic differentiation, in addition to the isolation-by-distance effect. Data and analysis indicated that both microclimate and topography may play a role. South/south-west facing slopes, slopes 30° and steeper and gravel roads in addition to geographical distance, increased genetic differentiation, i.e. reduced landscape permeability for northern crested newts. The opposite effect was observed for streams, presumably more favorable for newt dispersal. Furthermore, populations within or directly adjacent to old forest had a higher allelic diversity than populations outside these areas. Such areas may therefore be important source habitats in the conservation of northern crested newt populations

Handel og økonomisk vekst i Kina : en analyse av sammenhenger og utvikling

Dette arbeidsnotatet handler om sammenhengen mellom økonomisk vekst og handel i Kina. Etter 1978 åpnet det tidligere lukkede Kina seg mot omverdenen og startet sin open door-politikk. Dette innebar blant annet en storsatt handelsliberalisering for Kina med utlandet. Kina har hatt en sterk økonomisk vekst spesielt i perioden etter 1978, og jeg ser på om handelsliberaliseringen har en sammenheng med dette. Jeg beskriver handelsteori og teori om økonomisk vekst. Jeg ser også på empiri når det gjelder sammenhengen mellom økonomisk vekst og handel. Oppgaven tar for seg utviklingen av Kinas handelspolitikk, Kinas handelsmønster og Kinas økonomiske vekst. I tillegg studerer jeg implikasjonene av Kinas nylige medlemskap i Verdens Handelsorganisasjon. Jeg konkluderer med at økonomisk vekst og handel har hatt en sammenheng i Kina, men at det også er mange andre faktorer som ligger bak veksten