667 research outputs found
Binding potentials for vapour nanobubbles on surfaces using density functional theory
We calculate density profiles of a simple model fluid in contact with a
planar surface using density functional theory (DFT), in particular for the
case where there is a vapour layer intruding between the wall and the bulk
liquid. We apply the method of Hughes et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 142, 074702
(2015)] to calculate the density profiles for varying (specified) amounts of
the vapour adsorbed at the wall. This is equivalent to varying the thickness
of the vapour at the surface. From the resulting sequence of density
profiles we calculate the thermodynamic grand potential as is varied and
thereby determine the binding potential as a function of . The binding
potential obtained via this coarse-graining approach allows us to determine the
disjoining pressure in the film and also to predict the shape of vapour
nano-bubbles on the surface. Our microscopic DFT based approach captures
information from length scales much smaller than some commonly used models in
continuum mechanics.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figure
VLSI Implementation of Deep Neural Network Using Integral Stochastic Computing
The hardware implementation of deep neural networks (DNNs) has recently
received tremendous attention: many applications in fact require high-speed
operations that suit a hardware implementation. However, numerous elements and
complex interconnections are usually required, leading to a large area
occupation and copious power consumption. Stochastic computing has shown
promising results for low-power area-efficient hardware implementations, even
though existing stochastic algorithms require long streams that cause long
latencies. In this paper, we propose an integer form of stochastic computation
and introduce some elementary circuits. We then propose an efficient
implementation of a DNN based on integral stochastic computing. The proposed
architecture has been implemented on a Virtex7 FPGA, resulting in 45% and 62%
average reductions in area and latency compared to the best reported
architecture in literature. We also synthesize the circuits in a 65 nm CMOS
technology and we show that the proposed integral stochastic architecture
results in up to 21% reduction in energy consumption compared to the binary
radix implementation at the same misclassification rate. Due to fault-tolerant
nature of stochastic architectures, we also consider a quasi-synchronous
implementation which yields 33% reduction in energy consumption w.r.t. the
binary radix implementation without any compromise on performance.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figure
Stochastic Simulated Quantum Annealing for Fast Solution of Combinatorial Optimization Problems
In this paper, we introduce stochastic simulated quantum annealing (SSQA) for
large-scale combinatorial optimization problems. SSQA is designed based on
stochastic computing and quantum Monte Carlo, which can simulate quantum
annealing (QA) by using multiple replicas of spins (probabilistic bits) in
classical computing. The use of stochastic computing leads to an efficient
parallel spin-state update algorithm, enabling quick search for a solution
around the global minimum energy. Therefore, SSQA realizes quantum-like
annealing for large-scale problems and can handle fully connected models in
combinatorial optimization, unlike QA. The proposed method is evaluated in
MATLAB on graph isomorphism problems, which are typical combinatorial
optimization problems. The proposed method achieves a convergence speed an
order of magnitude faster than a conventional stochastic simulaated annealing
method. Additionally, it can handle a 100-times larger problem size compared to
QA and a 25-times larger problem size compared to a traditional SA method,
respectively, for similar convergence probabilities.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figure
Tunable high-average-power optical parametric oscillators near 2 μm
We report on the development of high-average-power nanosecond and picosecond laser sources tunable near
2 μm based on optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) pumped by solid-state Nd:YAG and Yb-fiber lasers at
1.064 μm. By exploiting 50-mm-long MgO-doped lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) as the nonlinear crystal and
operating the OPO in a near-degenerate doubly resonant configuration with intracavity wavelength selection
elements, we have generated tunable high-average-power radiation across 1880–2451 nm in high spectral
and spatial beam quality with excellent output stability. In nanosecond operation, pumping with a Q-switched
Nd:YAG laser and using an intracavity prism for spectral control, we have generated more than 2 W of average
power in pulses of 10 ns duration at 80 kHz repetition rate with narrow linewidth (<3 nm), with M2 < 2.8, and a
passive power stability better than 2.2% rms over 1 h. In picosecond operation, pumping with a mode-locked Ybfiber
laser and using a diffraction grating as the wavelength selection element, we have generated more than 5 W of
average power in pulses of 20 ps at 80 MHz repetition rate with narrow bandwidth (∼2.5 nm), with M2 < 1.8
and a passive power stability better than 1.3% rms over 2 h. The demonstrated sources represent viable alternatives
to Tm3 ∕Ho3 -doped solid-state and fiber lasers for the generation of high-power radiation in the ∼2 μm
spectral range.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft
Carbon network evolution from dimers to sheets in superconducting ytrrium dicarbide under pressure
Carbon-bearing compounds display intriguing structural diversity, due to variations in hybrid bonding of carbon. Here, first-principles calculations and unbiased structure searches on yttrium dicarbide at pressure reveal four new structures with varying carbon polymerisation, in addition to the experimentally observed high-temperature low-pressure I4/mmm dimer phase. At low pressures, a metallic C2/m phase (four-member single-chain carbide) is stable, which transforms into a Pnma phase (single-chain carbide) upon increasing pressure, with further transformation to an Immm structure (double-chain carbide) at 54 GPa and then to a P6/mmm phase (sheet carbide) at 267 GPa. Yttrium dicarbide is structurally diverse, with carbon bonded as dimers (at lowest pressure), four-member single chains, infinite single chains, double chains and eventually sheet structures on compression. Electron–phonon coupling calculations indicate that the high-pressure phases are superconducting. Our results aid the understanding and design of new superconductors and illuminate pressure-induced carbon polymerisation in carbides
Recommended from our members
The electrical conductivity of Al2O3 under shock-compression
Sapphire (Al2O3) crystals are used below 100 GPa as anvils and windows in dynamic-compression experiments because of their transparency and high density. Above 100 GPa shock pressures, sapphire becomes opaque and electrically conducting because of shock-induced defects. Such effects prevent temperature and dc conductivity measurements of materials compressed quasi-isentropically. Opacities and electrical conductivities at ~100 GPa are non-equilibrium, rather than thermodynamic parameters. We have performed electronic structure calculations as a guide in predicting and interpreting shock experiments and possibly to discover a window up to ~200 GPa. Our calculations indicate shocked sapphire does not metallize by band overlap at ~300 GPa, as suggested previously by measured non-equilibrium data. Shock-compressed Al2O3 melts to a metallic liquid at ~500 GPa and 10,000 K and its conductivity increases rapidly to ~2000 Ω−1cm−1 at ~900 GPa. At these high shock temperatures and pressures sapphire is in thermal equilibrium. Calculated conductivity of Al2O3 is similar to those measured for metallic fluid H, N, O, Rb, and Cs. Despite different materials, pressures and temperatures, and compression techniques, both experimental and theoretical, conductivities of all these poor metals reach a common end state typical of strong-scattering disordered materials
Quantum structural fluxion in superconducting lanthanum polyhydride
The discovery of 250-kelvin superconducting lanthanum polyhydride under high pressure marked a significant advance toward the realization of a room‐temperature superconductor. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies reveal a nonstoichiometric LaH9.6 or LaH10±δ polyhydride responsible for the superconductivity, which in the literature is commonly treated as LaH10 without accounting for stoichiometric defects. Here, we discover significant nuclear quantum effects (NQE) in this polyhydride, and demonstrate that a minor amount of stoichiometric defects will cause quantum proton diffusion in the otherwise rigid lanthanum lattice in the ground state. The diffusion coefficient reaches ~10−7 cm2/s in LaH9.63 at 150 gigapascals and 240 kelvin, approaching the upper bound value of interstitial hydrides at comparable temperatures. A puzzling phenomenon observed in previous experiments, the positive pressure dependence of the superconducting critical temperature Tc below 150 gigapascals, is explained by a modulation of the electronic structure due to a premature distortion of the hydrogen lattice in this quantum fluxional structure upon decompression, and resulting changes of the electron-phonon coupling. This finding suggests the coexistence of the quantum proton fluxion and hydrogen-induced superconductivity in this lanthanum polyhydride, and leads to an understanding of the structural nature and superconductivity of nonstoichiomectric hydrogen-rich materials.The project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11974135, 11874176, 12174170, and 12074138), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the EPSRC through grants EP/P022596/1, and EP/S021981/1, and the startup funds of the office of the Dean of SASN of Rutgers University-Newark. P. T. S. thanks the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy at the University of Cambridge for generous funding. The work of P. T. S. is further supported through a Trinity Hall research studentship. I. E. acknowledges financial support by the European Research Council (ERC) under the EuropeanUnion’sHorizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 802533)
Quasi-molecular and atomic phases of dense solid hydrogen
The high-pressure phases of solid hydrogen are of fundamental interest and
relevant to the interior of giant planets; however, knowledge of these phases
is far from complete. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques were applied
to a structural search, yielding hitherto unexpected high-pressure phases of
solid hydrogen at pressures up to 5 TPa. An exotic quasi-molecular mC24
structure (space group C2/c, stable at 0.47-0.59 TPa) with two types of
intramolecular bonds was predicted, providing a deeper understanding of
molecular dissociation in solid hydrogen, which has been a mystery for decades.
We further predicted the existence of two atomic phases: (i) the oC12 structure
(space group Cmcm, stable at > 2.1 TPa), consisting of planar H3 clusters, and
(ii) the cI16 structure, previously observed in lithium and sodium, stable
above 3.5 TPa upon consideration of the zero-point energy. This work clearly
revised the known zero-temperature and high-pressure (>0.47 TPa) phase diagram
for solid hydrogen and has implications for the constituent structures of giant
planets.Comment: accepted in The Journal of Physical Chemistr
- …