Exploring Translation and Interpreting Hybrids. The Case of Sight Translation

This article reports on a comparative study of written translation and sight translation, drawing on experimental data combining keystroke logging, eye-tracking and quality ratings of spoken and written output produced by professional translators and interpreters. Major differences in output rate were observed when comparing oral and written modalities. Evaluation of the translation products showed that the lower output rate in the written condition was not justified by significantly higher quality in the written products. Observations from the combination of data sources point to fundamental behavioural differences between interpreters and translators. Overall, working in the oral modality seems to have a lot to offer in terms of saving time and effort without compromising the output quality, and there seems to be a case for increasing the role of oral translation in translator training, incorporating it as a deliberate practice activity.Le présent article fait état d’une étude comparative de la traduction écrite et de la traduction à vue. Elle est fondée sur des données expérimentales qui associent un enregistrement de la frappe, une étude oculométrique ainsi qu’une évaluation de la qualité de traductions orales et écrites produites par des traducteurs et des interprètes professionnels. La comparaison des modalités orale et écrite met en évidence des différences majeures. L’évaluation des traductions montre en effet que le débit faible observé pour la traduction écrite ne garantit nullement une qualité accrue. Par ailleurs, l’analyse comparative fait état de différences fondamentales de comportement entre interprètes et traducteurs. De façon générale, la traduction orale semble pouvoir contribuer de façon significative à l’économie de temps et d’effort sans compromettre la qualité, ce qui justifierait une accentuation de son rôle, et même une pleine intégration, dans la formation des traducteurs

Ice-free conditions in Novaya Zemlya 35,000 to 30,000 cal years BP, as indicated by radiocarbon ages and amino acid racemization evidence from marine molluscs

Novaya Zemlya was covered by the eastern part of the Barents-Kara ice sheet during the glacial maximum of marine isotope stage 2 (MIS 2). We obtained (14)C ages on 37 samples of mollusc shells from various sites on the islands. Most samples yielded ages in the range of 48-26 (14)C Ky. Such old samples are sensitive to contamination by young (14)C, and therefore their reliability was assessed using replicate analyses and amino acid geochronology. The extent of aspartic acid racemization (Asp D/L) indicates that many of the (14)C ages are correct, whereas some are minimum ages only. The results indicate that a substantial part of Novaya Zemlya was ice-free about 35-27 (14)C Kya, and probably even earlier. Corresponding shorelines up to > 140 m a.s.l. indicate a large Barents-Kara ice sheet during early MIS 3. These results are consistent with findings from Svalbard and northern Russia: in both places a large MIS 4/3 Barents-Kara ice sheet is postulated to have retreated about 50 Kya, followed by an ice-free interstadial that lasted until up to ca. 25 Kya. The duration of the MIS 2 glaciation in Novaya Zemlya was calculated by applying the D/L values to a kinetic equation for Asp racemization. This indicates that the islands were ice covered for less than 3000 years if the basal temperature was 0(o)C, and for less than 10 000 years if it was -5 degrees C

Control of salmonella in liquid feeding systems

Liquid feeding systems could be a challenge as regards Salmonella contamination in pigs, as the feed is often produced from non-controlled feed ingredients. Moreover, there is a possibility of salmonella growth in the feed. Practical systems consist of one or more mixing tanks with raw material feeding equipment, circulation pipes through all stable units fed by the system, a valve for every or every second pen and a computer to control the mixing and dosage systems. As the systems can never be emptied, there is a continous inoculation of 10 - 50 % left-over feed in the tank and the pipes, which leads to a fermentation. The dominating lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus and Pediococcus) produce lactic acid and to a minor extent acetic acid, thereby lowering the pH to 4.0 - 5.5. Salmonella growth is possible down to about pH 5

Qualitative evaluation in nursing interventions — A review of the literature

Aim To identify and synthesize qualitative evaluation methods used in nursing interventions. Design A systematic qualitative review with a content analysis. Four databases were used: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase and CINAHL using pre-defined terms. The included papers were published from 2014–2018. Methods We followed the guidelines of Dixon-Woods et al., Sandelowski and Barroso, the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative checklist and The Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research Approach. Results Of 103 papers, 15 were eligible for inclusion. The main theme Challenging complexity by evaluating qualitatively described processes and characteristics of qualitative evaluation. Two analytic themes emerged: Evaluating the implementation process and Evaluating improvements brought about by the programme. Conclusion Different qualitative evaluation methods in nursing are a way of documenting knowledge that is difficult to illuminate in natural settings and make an important contribution when determining the pros and cons of an intervention.publishedVersio

The skin mucosal barrier of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) is weakened by exposure to potential aquaculture production related stressors

Various cleaner fish species, such as the lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.), are used in the sea cage production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) as a control measure against the ectoparasitic salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). However, during severe lice infestation, alternative treatments are required to control parasitic burden. The aim of this study was to gain insight into how lumpfish skin responds to different chemicals used to treat parasites. We collected skin from lumpfish from both research facilities (tank reared fish) and commercial production (cage reared fish), and used operational welfare indicators (OWIs), in vitro models, histology and transcriptomics to study how the skin responded to two anti-parasitic oxidative chemicals, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peracetic acid (PAA). Lumpfish sampled from the farm were classified as clinically healthy or weak according to their morbidity status, and fish from each category were used to gain insight into how the therapeutics affect the skin barrier. Differences between healthy and weakened (moribund) fish, and between treated fish from each of the two groups, were observed. Histological examination showed an overall reduced skin quality in fish characterized as moribund, including different grades of exposed bony plates. In vitro oxidant-treated lumpfish skin had reduced migration capacity of keratocytes, a weakened epidermal barrier and altered gene transcription, changes that are known predisposing factors to secondary infections. Skin from non-treated, healthy fish sampled from commercial farms exhibited similar features and attributes to oxidant-exposed tank reared fish from a research facility, suggesting that apparently healthy cage-held lumpfish exhibited stress responses in the epidermal barrier. The results of the study outline the risks and consequences lumpfish can face if accidentally subjected to potential anti-parasitic oxidant treatments aimed at Atlantic salmon. It also strengthens the evidence behind the requirement that lumpfish should be removed from the cages before being potentially exposed to this type of treatment and outlines the potential risks of differing husbandry practices upon lumpfish health, welfare and resilience.The skin mucosal barrier of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) is weakened by exposure to potential aquaculture production related stressorspublishedVersio