Microstructures of nickel-base alloy dissimilar metal welds

Dissimilar metal welds (DMWs) between low-alloy steels (LAS), stainless steels (SS) and nickel-base alloys are very important in the design of conventional and nuclear power plants (NPPs). They help to reach better performances for high temperature environment but they can promote premature failure of components. Failure is often related to cracking in the heat affected zone of base materials. In this study, a literature review was conducted concerning the behavior of Inconel Ni-base alloys and LAS in DMWs for nuclear applications. It was centered on the metallurgical changes occurring with post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) at the interface of ferritic/austenitic DMWs, on the weldability of Inconel filler metals and on the narrow-gap welding (NGW) technique emerging in the NPP design. The aim was to characterize a NGW present in modern pressurized water reactor (PWR) design, which uses an Inconel filler metal to join the reactor pressure vessel nozzle to its safe-end. In addition, the behavior of Alloy 690 was studied. Eight samples were characterized. A narrow-gap Alloy 52 mock-up manufactured in the SINI project was studied in the as-welded condition and after PWHT. It showed that PWHT resulted in increased carbon depletion in the LAS side and in an extensive chromium carbide precipitation in the weld metal. It was responsible for a sharp hardness peak in the weld metal. Samples from EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) were characterized for ENVIS project, showing different weld configurations involving Alloy 690 as base metal and Inconel 52, 152 and 52M as filler metals. Differences in the behavior of the filler metals were observed. Higher hardness was found in Inconel 52M, followed by Inconel 152 and 52, respectively. Inconel 152 showed different behavior than Inconel 52 concerning carbon migration. The microstructure of Alloy 690 was characterized and was found to correspond to the literature review

Effect of colostrum feeding method and presence of dam on the sleep, rest and sucking behaviour of newborn calves

"In rats, sucking milk reduces anxiety and promotes non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and in calves it induces resting but the effect on sleep is unknown. Here, we investigated how calves' sleep was affected by colostrum feeding methods. Forty-one calves were blocked by birth date and randomly allotted within blocks to the experimental treatments. Calves were housed for four days either with their dam (DAM) or individually with warm colostrum feeding (2 L four times a day) from either a teat bucket (TEAT) or an open bucket (BUCKET). DAM calves suckled their dam freely. Calves' sleeping and sucking behaviour was filmed continuously for 48 h at the ages of two and three days. Behavioural sleep (BS) was defined as calves resting at least 30 s with their head still and raised (non-rapid eye movement) or with their head against their body or the ground (rapid eye movement, REM). Latency from the end of colostrum feeding to the start of BS was recorded. We compared behaviour of TEAT calves with that of DAM and BUCKET calves using mixed models. Milk meal duration was significantly longer for TEAT calves than for BUCKET calves (mean +/- S.E.M.; 8.3 +/- 0.6 min vs. 5.2 +/- 0.6 min), but equal to that of DAM calves. We found no effect of feeding method on the duration of daily BS (12 h 59 min I h 38 min) but we found a tendency for the daily amount of NREM sleep; BUCKET calves had less NREM sleep per day than TEAT calves (6 h 18 min vs. 7 h 48 min, S.E.M. = 45 min) and also longer latencies from milk ingestion to BS (21.9 +/- 2.0 min vs. 16.2 +/- 2.0 min). DAM calves slept longer bouts than TEAT calves (10.8 +/- 1.0 min vs. 8.3 +/- 1.0 min) and less often (78 +/- 4 vs. 92 +/- 4). Sucking colostrum from a teat bucket compared with drinking from an open""In rats, sucking milk reduces anxiety and promotes non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and in calves it induces resting but the effect on sleep is unknown. Here, we investigated how calves' sleep was affected by colostrum feeding methods. Forty-one calves were blocked by birth date and randomly allotted within blocks to the experimental treatments. Calves were housed for four days either with their dam (DAM) or individually with warm colostrum feeding (2 L four times a day) from either a teat bucket (TEAT) or an open bucket (BUCKET). DAM calves suckled their dam freely. Calves' sleeping and sucking behaviour was filmed continuously for 48 h at the ages of two and three days. Behavioural sleep (BS) was defined as calves resting at least 30 s with their head still and raised (non-rapid eye movement) or with their head against their body or the ground (rapid eye movement, REM). Latency from the end of colostrum feeding to the start of BS was recorded. We compared behaviour of TEAT calves with that of DAM and BUCKET calves using mixed models. Milk meal duration was significantly longer for TEAT calves than for BUCKET calves (mean +/- S.E.M.; 8.3 +/- 0.6 min vs. 5.2 +/- 0.6 min), but equal to that of DAM calves. We found no effect of feeding method on the duration of daily BS (12 h 59 min I h 38 min) but we found a tendency for the daily amount of NREM sleep; BUCKET calves had less NREM sleep per day than TEAT calves (6 h 18 min vs. 7 h 48 min, S.E.M. = 45 min) and also longer latencies from milk ingestion to BS (21.9 +/- 2.0 min vs. 16.2 +/- 2.0 min). DAM calves slept longer bouts than TEAT calves (10.8 +/- 1.0 min vs. 8.3 +/- 1.0 min) and less often (78 +/- 4 vs. 92 +/- 4). Sucking colostrum from a teat bucket compared with drinking from an open""In rats, sucking milk reduces anxiety and promotes non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and in calves it induces resting but the effect on sleep is unknown. Here, we investigated how calves' sleep was affected by colostrum feeding methods. Forty-one calves were blocked by birth date and randomly allotted within blocks to the experimental treatments. Calves were housed for four days either with their dam (DAM) or individually with warm colostrum feeding (2 L four times a day) from either a teat bucket (TEAT) or an open bucket (BUCKET). DAM calves suckled their dam freely. Calves' sleeping and sucking behaviour was filmed continuously for 48 h at the ages of two and three days. Behavioural sleep (BS) was defined as calves resting at least 30 s with their head still and raised (non-rapid eye movement) or with their head against their body or the ground (rapid eye movement, REM). Latency from the end of colostrum feeding to the start of BS was recorded. We compared behaviour of TEAT calves with that of DAM and BUCKET calves using mixed models. Milk meal duration was significantly longer for TEAT calves than for BUCKET calves (mean +/- S.E.M.; 8.3 +/- 0.6 min vs. 5.2 +/- 0.6 min), but equal to that of DAM calves. We found no effect of feeding method on the duration of daily BS (12 h 59 min I h 38 min) but we found a tendency for the daily amount of NREM sleep; BUCKET calves had less NREM sleep per day than TEAT calves (6 h 18 min vs. 7 h 48 min, S.E.M. = 45 min) and also longer latencies from milk ingestion to BS (21.9 +/- 2.0 min vs. 16.2 +/- 2.0 min). DAM calves slept longer bouts than TEAT calves (10.8 +/- 1.0 min vs. 8.3 +/- 1.0 min) and less often (78 +/- 4 vs. 92 +/- 4). Sucking colostrum from a teat bucket compared with drinking from an open"Peer reviewe

GAYA BELAJAR DAN KOMPETENSI PEDAGOGIK GURU DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA

This research was conducted with the following objectives: (1) is there any influence of learning styles on students’ result of study class X IPS SMA Negeri 4 Palangkaraya. (2) Is there any influence of Competence Pedagogical IPS Teacher on students’ result of study class X IPS SMA Negeri 4 Palangkaraya.3) Is there a simultaneous effect between students' learning styles and Pedagogic Competence IPS Teacher towards on students’ result of study class X IPS SMA Negeri 4 Palangkaraya. The population of this study were students of Class X IPS SMA Negeri 4 Palangkaraya which consisted 203 students. The sample was taken by purposive sampling from each class as much as 30% of the number of students which consists of 60 students.  The results showed that Competencies Pedagogical IPS teacher had no significant effect, which means that in this case variations in approach to teaching methods that teachers do not influence on students’ result of study class X IPS SMA N              egeri 4 Palangkaraya. (2) The style of learning is no significant effect on students’ result of study class X IPS SMA Negeri 4 Palangkaraya. (3) Teachers Pedagogic Competence IPS and learning styles do not have a positive effect and are not significant on students’ result of study. So that changes in the level Pedagogic Competence IPS Teacher and learning style will not change students’ result of the study

Influence of grain size distribution on the Hall–Petch relationship of welded structural steel

The strength of polycrystalline metals increases with a decrease in grain size according to the Hall-Petch relationship. However, heterogeneous microstructures deviate from this relationship dependingon the distribution of grain sizes. This paper introduces a rule of mixtures based approach fordetermining the characteristic length of the microstructure for heterogeneous weld metal. Theproposed grain size parameter, the volume-weighted average grain size, is measured experimentallyfor nine structural steel weld metals and two base materials. The weld metals are found to have alarge variety of grain size distributions that are noticeably broader than those of the base material dueto differences in phase contents. The results show that the volume-weighted average grain size is ableto capture the influence of grain size distribution on the strength of welded structural steel. Based onthe experimental results, a modified Hall-Petch relationship is formulated for the strength predictionof heterogeneous microstructures. The modified relationship is also found to be applicable to datafrom the literature.Peer reviewe

A IMPORTÂNCIA DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO DOS CUSTOS DE SERVIÇOS DE INFRA-ESTRUTURA NO FATURAMENTO DA EMPRESA

Em meio à forte competitividade no setor empresarial, torna-se, a cadadia, ainda mais importante a correta administração dos custos dos serviços deinfra-estrutura no faturamento das empresas. As áreas de serviços de infraestruturaestão sendo vistas como grandes aliadas no desempenho financeirodas empresas, assumindo posição chave como viabilizadoras dos processos edas atividades. O correto agrupamento, controle e trabalho para redução doscustos permitem às empresas poder visualizar os setores nos quais certosgastos são dispensáveis ou indispensáveis, dando aos administradores noçõesclaras de como agir e de quanto suas ações estão sendo proveitosas para aempresa. Este trabalho discute e aponta algumas áreas e métodos nas quaisum administrador, seja qual for o seu campo específico, poderá atuar para umtrabalho conciso na redução de custos de serviços de infra-estrutura,mostrando o quanto este projeto é importante e deve ser aplicado com apoiode todos os setores da empresa

Parallel Genetic Algorithm for Shortest Path Routing Problem with Collaborative Neighbors

Shortest path routing is generally known as a kind of routing widely availed in computer networks nowadays. Although advantageous algorithms exist for finding the shortest path, however alternative methods may have their own supremacy. In this paper, parallel genetic algorithm for finding the shortest path routing is resorted to. In order to improve the computation time in this routing algorithm and to distribute the load balance between the processors as well, Fine-Grained parallel GA model is opted for. The proposed algorithm was simulated on Wraparound Mesh network topologies in different sizes. To this end, several experiments were anchored to identify the most influential parameters such as Migration rate, Mutation rate, and Crossover rate. The simulation result shows that best result of mutation rate is: about 0.02 and 0.03, and migration rate for transmission to the neighbor’s node is 3 of the best chromosomes. This study has already shown that through using performance-based GA which uses fine-grained parallel algorithms, timing germane shortest path routing can be improved

Effect of crate height during short-term confinement on the welfare and behaviour of turkeys

During transport from the farm to the slaughter house birds are often confined in crates with limited space. In this study we investigated how the confinement of male turkeys in crates of 40, 55 or 90 cm height for 6 h, affected the turkeys welfare. We used both behavioural observations and physiological measures and the study was carried out under experimental conditions. Thirty-six turkeys were placed singly in stationary crates for 6 h and during this time their behaviour was observed. The confinement for each bird was carried out twice on two separate occasions with around 1 week between confinements. The mean (±SE) weight of the birds in the first confinement period was 15.9 ± 0.2 kg and on the second occasion 17.3 ± 0.2 kg. Blood-samples were taken after the behaviour observations were finished and analyses of activities of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and lactate were carried out. The heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (H:L) was also determined. The behaviour observations revealed that birds in the 40 cm crates did not perform any standing (standing with straight legs), whereas birds in 55 and 90 cm crates spent 35.4 ± 4.3 and 42.2 ± 5.8% of the time, respectively, in this position. Conversely, birds in the 40 cm crates spent significantly more time in a low standing position (standing with the legs bent) than birds in the 55 and 90 cm crates. More stepping, turning and preening was performed in the 55 and 90 cm compared to the 40 cm crates, whereas more rising attempts were made in the 40 cm crates. Crate height had no effect on the activity of ASAT or CK activity or H:L ratio. There was a significant effect of crate height on the lactate with birds in the 55 cm crates having significantly lower lactate concentrations than birds in 40 cm crates, but there was no significant difference in lactate concentration between 55 and 90 cm or between the 40 and 90 cm crates. This may indicate that there was a difference between treatments on the anaerobic activity, although the effect of sampling procedure cannot be completely excluded. Thus the degree of confinement in the crates had little influence on the physiological measures taken, although there was a large effect on the birds’ behaviour. The 40 cm crates decreased the birds possibility to move and change their positions, whereas the 55 cm crates allowed the birds to stand up and move around almost as much as if kept in free height, even if they were not able to stretch their necks while standing.During transport from the farm to the slaughter house birds are often confined in crates with limited space. In this study we investigated how the confinement of male turkeys in crates of 40, 55 or 90 cm height for 6 h, affected the turkeys welfare. We used both behavioural observations and physiological measures and the study was carried out under experimental conditions. Thirty-six turkeys were placed singly in stationary crates for 6 h and during this time their behaviour was observed. The confinement for each bird was carried out twice on two separate occasions with around 1 week between confinements. The mean (±SE) weight of the birds in the first confinement period was 15.9 ± 0.2 kg and on the second occasion 17.3 ± 0.2 kg. Blood-samples were taken after the behaviour observations were finished and analyses of activities of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and lactate were carried out. The heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (H:L) was also determined. The behaviour observations revealed that birds in the 40 cm crates did not perform any standing (standing with straight legs), whereas birds in 55 and 90 cm crates spent 35.4 ± 4.3 and 42.2 ± 5.8% of the time, respectively, in this position. Conversely, birds in the 40 cm crates spent significantly more time in a low standing position (standing with the legs bent) than birds in the 55 and 90 cm crates. More stepping, turning and preening was performed in the 55 and 90 cm compared to the 40 cm crates, whereas more rising attempts were made in the 40 cm crates. Crate height had no effect on the activity of ASAT or CK activity or H:L ratio. There was a significant effect of crate height on the lactate with birds in the 55 cm crates having significantly lower lactate concentrations than birds in 40 cm crates, but there was no significant difference in lactate concentration between 55 and 90 cm or between the 40 and 90 cm crates. This may indicate that there was a difference between treatments on the anaerobic activity, although the effect of sampling procedure cannot be completely excluded. Thus the degree of confinement in the crates had little influence on the physiological measures taken, although there was a large effect on the birds’ behaviour. The 40 cm crates decreased the birds possibility to move and change their positions, whereas the 55 cm crates allowed the birds to stand up and move around almost as much as if kept in free height, even if they were not able to stretch their necks while standing.Peer reviewe