Understanding Students’ Cognitive and Affective Attitude and Attitudinal Structures Toward Physical Activity: A Person-Centered Approach

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the proportions of students who were holding positive, negative, and neutral cognitive/affective attitude and different cognitive-affective attitudinal structures toward moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) using a person-centered approach. Methods: A total of 3949 students participated in this study (1065 middle-school students, 784 high-school students, and 2100 college students). Results: A majority of students were holding positive cognitive (about 94%) and affective attitude (about 85%) toward MVPA. Most students (about 84%) held the Positive cognitive—Positive affective attitudinal structure toward MVPA. School level influenced the proportions of students who were holding different cognitive attitude status, affective attitude status, and cognitive-affective attitudinal structures; gender and body weight status did not significantly influence them. Conclusions: This study furthers our understandings on students’ attitude and attitudinal structures toward PA. It lays the foundation for the development of physical education curriculum or PA programs that aim at promoting students’ PA behavior through changing their PA attitude. Future studies are needed to examine the effects of different attitude statuses and attitudinal structures on PA behavior

Attitude and Attitudinal Structures Toward Physical Education and Their Influences on Physical Activity Behavior

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine middle and high school students’ cognitive and affective attitude and their cognitive-affective attitudinal structures toward physical education (PE). The effects of cognitive and affective attitude and attitudinal structures on physical activity (PA) in PE and outside of school were also examined. Methods: 1773 Chinese middle and high-school students participated in this study. SEM, Chi-square test, ANOVAs, and Contingency tables were adopted to address the research questions. Results: The results showed that most students (\u3e90%) were holding positive cognitive and affective attitude toward PE. Students’ affective attitude significantly influences their PA in PE and outside of school. Most students were holding the positive cognitive-positive negative attitudinal structure toward PE. Conclusions: All these findings lay important foundations for future theoretical advancement about attitude toward PE and provide guidance for PE teachers on attitude intervention and PA promotion

Deposition of hydrophilic Ti3C2Tx on a superhydrophobic ZnO nanorod array for improved surface-enhanced raman scattering performance

Abstract Background Superhydrophobic substrate modifications are an effective way to improve SERS sensitivity by concentrating analyte molecules into a small surface area. However, it is difficult to manipulate low-volume liquid droplets on superhydrophobic substrates. Results To overcome this limitation, we deposited a hydrophilic Ti3C2Tx film on a superhydrophobic ZnO nanorod array to create a SERS substrate with improved analyte affinity. Combined with its interfacial charge transfer properties, this enabled a rhodamine 6G detection limit of 10−11 M to be achieved. In addition, the new SERS substrate showed potential for detection of biological macromolecules, such as microRNA. Conclusion Combined with its facile preparation, the SERS activity of ZnO/Ti3C2Tx suggests it may provide an ultrasensitive environmental pollutant-monitoring and effective substrate for biological analyte detection. Graphical Abstrac

Proton Exchange Membrane Electrode Assembly for Ammonia Electrosynthesis from Nitrate

Green ammonia synthesis and elimination of nitrate pollution from water are two global challenges that need to be dealt with. Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia (e-NRA) using renewable electricity has been considered a potential solution to these challenges simultaneously. Although great research progress has been achieved in developing high-activity catalysts, insufficient attention has been paid to the electrolyzer design, which also has a vital impact on the e-NRA performance. Herein, we first abandoned anion exchange membranes due to the inevitable high nitrate permeability and then studied a proton exchange membrane electrode assembly (PEMEA) coupled with high-performance oxide-derived Cu nanoneedle cathodes toward practical application of e-NRA. Our results illustrated that the architecture of cathodes should be rationally designed to overcome the competing hydrogen evolution reaction aggravated by the utilization of proton exchange membranes. As a result, an optimized PEMEA achieved a high ammonia faradic efficiency of 90% at a high current density of 400 mA cm–2 in an electrolyte with 0.1 M nitrate concentration, and the corresponding ammonia yield was 1.6 mmol h–1 cm–2. In addition, nearly 100% conversion of nitrate to ammonia was demonstrated in the wastewater treatment of actual enterprises. We believe this work will facilitate the industrialization process of e-NRA