KEEFEKTIFAN PENGGUNAAN METODE RESITASI TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN MENULIS HANZI SISWA KELAS XI AK 5 SMK NEGERI 1 MOJOAGUNG TAHUN AJARAN 2015/2016

Keterampilan menulis sebagai salah satu unsur bahasa yang sangat penting untuk menunjang keterampilan berbahasa. Keterampilan menulis yang dapat memperlancar proses komunikasi dan pemahaman siswa dalam menerima materi yang diberikan oleh guru dalam pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin khususnya dalam pembelajaran menulis Hanzi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengatasi kesulitan dalam keterampilan menulis Hanzi pada siswa kelas XI AK 5 SMK Negeri 1 Mojoagung. Pada saat peneliti mengikuti Program Pengolahan Pembelajaran (PPP) atau magang di SMKN 1 Mojoagung, peneliti menemukan bahwa saat pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin di kelas, pengajar kurang memperhatikan metode pembelajaran yang dipakai. Hal ini dikarenakan penyebab utamanya adalah penerapan metode yang kurang tepat sehingga kurang diperhatikan atau minimnya proses pengajaran. Sehingga para siswa kurang memperhatikan pembelajaran dan siswa sering gaduh. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menawarkan solusi dengan menggunakan metode resitasi sebagai bentuk untuk memperbaiki metode pembelajaran yang sebelumnya. Karena metode resitasi bertujuan untuk membuat hasil belajar siswa menjadi lebih baik dengan latihan-latihan tugas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh metode resitasi terhadap keterampilan menulis Hanzi dalam pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin serta mendeskripsikan respon siswa terhadap keterampilan menulis Hanzi dalam pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan jenis rancangan penelitian true experimental design atau eksperimen murni. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa SMK Negeri 1 Mojoagung tahun ajaran 2015/2016 dengan sampel kelas XI AK 4 sebagai kelas kontrol dan kelas XI AK 5 sebagai kelas eksperimen. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data yang telah dilakukan diperoleh perhitungan perbedaan hasil yakni t0= 6,83 dan db= 75, selanjutnya dikonsultasikan dengan melihat nilai tabel taraf 5%, maka diketahui bahwa harga ts= 0,05 = 1,99 menunjukkan t lebih besar dari t tabel (1,99<6,83). Harga t0 signifikan, menunjukkan adanya perbedaan antara nilai hasil tes kelas kontrol dan kelas eksperimen. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan metode resitasi mempunyai pengaruh positif terhadap keterampilan menulis Hanzi terhadap siswa kelas eksperimen yakni kelas XI AK 5 SMK Negeri 1 Mojoagung. Berdasarkan hasil analisis angket respon siswa diketahui bahwa penggunaan metode resitasi sangat efektif dalam pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin khususnya keterampilan menulis Hanzi. Sebanyak 43,57% siswa mengatakan pemahaman materi sangat kesulitan dalam menghafal urutan dan goresan huruf Hanzi, sebanyak 43,57% siswa mengatakan pemahaman materi sangat kesulitan dalam penulisan huruf Hanzi, sebanyak 61,54% siswa mengatakan proses pembelajaran menggunakan metode resitasi sangat membantu untuk mempelajari penulisan huruf Hanzi, sebanyak 74,36% siswa mengatakan proses pembelajaran menggunakan metode resitasi sangatlah membantu untuk menyelesaikan tugas/tes dari guru secara individu maupun kelompok, dan sebanyak 74,36% siswa mengatakan penggunaan metode resitasi sangatlah efektif dalam pembelajaran keterampilan menulis Hanzi. Writing skills as an element of the language that is very important to support language skills. As much as writing skills it will expedite the process of communication and understanding of student in receiving the material given by the teacher, especially in write Hanzi learning. This research was done to overcome the difficulties in writing skills Hanzi in class XI AK 5 SMKN 1 Mojoagung. When the researcher followed the Learning Management Program (PPP) in SMKN 1 Mojoagung, the researcher found that when learning Chinese Language in class, the teacher pay less attention to learning methot that used. This is because the main causes of poor application of the method so that less attention or lack of processing classes. So students pay less attention to learning and students often make rowdy class. The purpose of this study was to describe influence method of recitation to writing skill Hanzi in learning Chinese Language. This research is a quantitative research using a type of research design true experimental design. The population in this research were the students of SMKN 1 Mojoagung in the academic year 2015/2016 with a sample class XI AK 4 as control class and the class XI AK 5 as the experimental class. Based on the results of data analysist has been carried out the results obtained by calculating the difference, is t0= 6,83 and db= 75, then consulted with the saw table value level of 5%, it is knows that the price ts= 0,05 = 1,99 showed more t greather that t table (1,99<6,83). The value t0 a significant, showed a difference between the value of the test results and experimental control class. This shows that by using method of recitation has a positive influence on the writing skills Hanzi to the experimental class students of class XI AK 5 SMKN 1 Mojoagung. Based on analysis of student questionnaire responses that the using of method of recitation very effective in learning the Chinese Language, especially regarding vocabulary. 43, 57 % of students said that the material comprehension in memorize thread and scratch Hanzi is very difficult, as much as 43, 57 % of students said that material comprehension in Hanzi writing is very difficult, as many as 61, 54% of students said that learning process use method of recitation to learn Hanzi writing very helpful, as much as 74,36% of students said that learning process use method of recitation to finish task or test from teacher in individual or group is very helpful, and 74, 36% of students said that use method of recitation in writing skills Hanzi learning is very effective

The Family Affluence Scale as an indicator for socioeconomic status : validation on regional income differences in the Czech Republic

The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children study (HBSC) uses the Family Affluence Scale (FAS) as a tool to identify the socioeconomic status of children and adolescents. Even though it is now widely applied in research studies, the external criterion validation of FAS has not been verified in terms of objective economic indicators in Central Europe. The aim of this study is to validate FAS in terms of disposable income per capita in 14 Czech administrative regions. Regional differences in the FAS score were analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regression to measure the dependency of the aggregated mean of the FAS index at the regional level on data from the Czech HSBC survey carried out from April to June 2014 (n = 10,361). The data analysis has shown an overall positive correlation between the FAS index and regional disposable income (R = 0.77, p < 0.01). The regional disposable income per person could explain 59.7% of the variance in the FAS index (p < 0.01). By validating individual items, the authors identified three items with a significant correlation (p < 0.01): number of computers, dishwasher at home, and number of holidays. FAS seems to be a valid instrument to measure adolescents' socioeconomic status

Systematic literature review of determinants of sedentary behaviour in older adults:a DEDIPAC study

BACKGROUND: Older adults are the most sedentary segment of society and high sedentary time is associated with poor health and wellbeing outcomes in this population. Identifying determinants of sedentary behaviour is a necessary step to develop interventions to reduce sedentary time. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify factors associated with sedentary behaviour in older adults. Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched for articles published between 2000 and May 2014. The search strategy was based on four key elements: (a) sedentary behaviour and its synonyms; (b) determinants and its synonyms (e.g. correlates, factors); (c) types of sedentary behaviour (e.g. TV viewing, sitting, gaming) and (d) types of determinants (e.g. environmental, behavioural). Articles were included in the review if specific information about sedentary behaviour in older adults was reported. Studies on samples identified by disease were excluded. Study quality was rated by means of QUALSYST. The full review protocol is available from PROSPERO (PROSPERO 2014: CRD42014009823). The analysis was guided by the socio-ecological model framework. RESULTS: Twenty-two original studies were identified out of 4472 returned by the systematic search. These included 19 cross-sectional, 2 longitudinal and 1 qualitative studies, all published after 2011. Half of the studies were European. The study quality was generally high with a median of 82 % (IQR 69-96 %) using Qualsyst tool. Personal factors were the most frequently investigated with consistent positive association for age, negative for retirement, obesity and health status. Only four studies considered environmental determinants suggesting possible association with mode of transport, type of housing, cultural opportunities and neighbourhood safety and availability of places to rest. Only two studies investigated mediating factors. Very limited information was available on contexts and sub-domains of sedentary behaviours. CONCLUSION: Few studies have investigated determinants of sedentary behaviour in older adults and these have to date mostly focussed on personal factors, and qualitative studies were mostly lacking. More longitudinal studies are needed as well as inclusion of a broader range of personal and contextual potential determinants towards a systems-based approach, and future studies should be more informed by qualitative work

12-year trends in active school transport across four European countries - findings from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study

Active school transport (AST) is a source of daily physical activity uptake. However, AST seems to have decreased worldwide over recent decades. We aimed to examine recent trends in AST and associations with gender, age, family affluence, and time to school, using data from the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study collected in 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018 in the Czech Republic, Norway, Scotland, and Wales. Data from 88,212 students (11, 13 and 15 years old) revealed stable patterns of AST from 2006 to 2018, apart from a decrease in the Czech Republic between 2006 and 2010. For survey waves combined, walking to and from school was most common in the Czech Republic (55%) and least common in Wales (30%). Cycling was only common in Norway (22%). AST differed by gender (Scotland and Wales), by age (Norway), and by family affluence (everywhere but Norway). In the Czech Republic, family affluence was associated with change over time in AST, and the effect of travel time on AST was stronger. The findings indicate that the decrease in AST could be levelling off in the countries considered here. Differential associations with sociodemographic factors and travel time should be considered in the development of strategies for AST

Associations between perceived social and physical environmental variables and physical activity and screen time among adolescents in four European countries

The study was supported from European Regional Development Fund-Project “Effective Use of Social Research Studies for Practice” (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_025/0007294) and the Czech Science Foundation under reg. No. 18-24977S.Objectives: Associations between the perceived social and physical environment and self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and screen time (ST) were examined among adolescents in four European countries. Methods: Representative samples were surveyed with standardised methodologies. Associations between environmental variables and meeting MVPA recommendations and tertiles of ST were tested in gender-specific logistic regression models. Moderation by country and country-specific relationships were also examined. Results: The most consistent findings across countries were found for the significant associations between neighbourhood social environment and MVPA in both boys and girls. Significant associations with the physical environment varied more between countries and by gender. The most consistent negative associations with ST were found for the social environmental variable of having parental rules for spending time outside the home. Conclusions: The present findings provided evidence for the generalisability of the associations between environmental correlates and MVPA across four European countries. The findings show clear differences in correlates for MVPA and ST. Further research is needed to better understand the unique aspects of the social and physical environment which explain each of the two behaviours.PostprintPeer reviewe

A systematic review of correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults aged 18–65 years: a socio-ecological approach

Background: Recent research shows that sedentary behaviour is associated with adverse cardio-metabolic consequences even among those considered sufficiently physically active. In order to successfully develop interventions to address this unhealthy behaviour, factors that influence sedentariness need to be identified and fully understood. The aim of this review is to identify individual, social, environmental, and policy-related determinants or correlates of sedentary behaviours among adults aged 18-65 years. Methods: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched for articles published between January 2000 and September 2015. The search strategy was based on four key elements and their synonyms: (a) sedentary behaviour (b) correlates (c) types of sedentary behaviours (d) types of correlates. Articles were included if information relating to sedentary behaviour in adults (18-65 years) was reported. Studies on samples selected by disease were excluded. The full protocol is available from PROSPERO (PROSPERO 2014:CRD42014009823). Results: 74 original studies were identified out of 4041: 71 observational, two qualitative and one experimental study. Sedentary behaviour was primarily measured as self-reported screen leisure time and total sitting time. In 15 studies, objectively measured total sedentary time was reported: accelerometry (n = 14) and heart rate (n = 1). Individual level factors such as age, physical activity levels, body mass index, socio-economic status and mood were all significantly correlated with sedentariness. A trend towards increased amounts of leisure screen time was identified in those married or cohabiting while having children resulted in less total sitting time. Several environmental correlates were identified including proximity of green space, neighbourhood walkability and safety and weather. Conclusions: Results provide further evidence relating to several already recognised individual level factors and preliminary evidence relating to social and environmental factors that should be further investigated. Most studies relied upon cross-sectional design limiting causal inference and the heterogeneity of the sedentary measures prevented direct comparison of findings. Future research necessitates longitudinal study designs, exploration of policy-related factors, further exploration of environmental factors, analysis of inter-relationships between identified factors and better classification of sedentary behaviour domains

Screen-based behaviour in Czech adolescents is more prevalent at weekends

Background: One of the main reasons for recent scientific interest in screen-based behaviour (SB) is the relationship between SB and risk of being overweight or obese. The primary mechanism for overweight and obesity is an imbalance of energy intake versus energy expenditure and one reason for the interest in SB is its association with reduced energy expenditure relative to other activities. Objective: The aim of this study is to provide a basic overview of the level and structure of SB in Czech adolescents on the basis of age and gender while taking into account the differences between weekday and weekend screen based activities. Methods: Data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted in May-June 2010 in the Czech Republic were used. The sample consisted of 4365 Czech pupils (48.5% boys; age 11, n =&#8239;1406; age 13, n =&#8239;1446; age 15, n =&#8239;1513). Binomial logistic regression and Chi-square test of independence were used to provide basic comparison on the basis of gender and age groups. Results: The prevalence of SB rise with growing age with the most visible increase in prevalence is between ages 11 and age 13. SB is significantly more prevalent among adolescent boys compared with adolescent girls. Czech adolescents are more likely to not meet the recommendation of 2 hours for watching TV at weekends compared to weekdays. Playing computer games is more common among boys contrary to chatting online, which is more common among girls. The overall patterns of playing computer games and chatting online during weekends were similar to those at weekdays but increased. Conclusions: Most children in the Czech Republic do not meet the limit for total SB time of 4 or fewer hours while the prevalence of SB rises with growing age and at weekends. Interventions and strategies aiming at reducing SB in children focusing on the family and school environment in the Czech Republic are required