Demand for money in Iran: An ARDL approach

The objective of this study is to estimate the demand for money in Iran using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration analysis. The empirical results show that there is a unique cointegrated and stable long-run relationship among M1 monetary aggregate, income, inflation and exchange rate. We find that the income elasticity and exchange rate coefficient are positive while the inflation elasticity is negative. This indicates that depreciation of domestic currency increases the demand for money, supporting the wealth effect argument and people prefer to substitute physical assets for money balances that are supporting our theoretical expectation. Our results also after incorporating the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests reveal that the M1 money demand function is stable between 1985 and 2006.Money demand; ARDL; Stability; Iran

Adverse Reactions from Topical Ophthalmic Anesthetic Abuse

Purpose: To assess the adverse drug reactions (ADR) of tetracaine among patients referred to an eye emergency department in the southeast of Iran. Methods: In this case series study, we assessed 31 eyes of 24 patients who were referred due to adverse effects of ocular anesthetics during 2017–2020. We collected the data, including age, sex, job, how the medicine was obtained, symptoms, examination results, and ADR. Results: Of 24 patients, 22 (91.7%) were male. The mean (standard deviation) age of the patients was 32.6 (1.9) years. Twenty-two patients obtained the medicines without a prescription and a general practitioner prescribed the medicine to two patients. In the first interview, the most common symptoms were: photophobia, reduced vision, ocular pain, and redness. The main signs of persistent epithelial defect, patchy or diffuse corneal stromal infiltration, ring infiltration, and Descemet’s folds were noticed in the examinations. Finally, 51.6% (n =16) of the eyes had decreased vision, 45.2% (n =14) had corneal opacity, 16.1% (n = 5) had elevated intraocular pressure that needed long-term anti-glaucoma therapy, and 6.5% (n = 2) had corneal pannus. Corneal perforation and phthisis bulbi were the final results in one eye. Conclusion: ADR related to the use of ophthalmic topical anesthetics could cause sight-threatening severe morbidities. It seems that some general practitioners are not careful regarding the prescription of these kinds of medicine. Moreover, the over-the-counter availability of tetracaine eye drops should be managed

Introducing \"One Health\" as an Overlooked Concept in Iran

‘One Health’ is the “collaborative effort of multiple disciplines —working locally, nationally, and globally—to attain optimal health for people, animals and our environment” (1). The concept of ‘One Health’ is not as new as it may seem at the first glance, as its pioneer supporters used to live in the 19th century. Looking back in history, Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch’s achievements are good examples of practicing ‘One Health’ (2). More recently in 1940s, efforts of Dr. Steele and his peers around the globe in developing the first ‘Veterinary Public Health’ program made rapid advances in the control and prevention of zoonotic diseases, both in the United States and globally (2). The interaction of humankind, environment, and animals has led to a dynamic through which the health of these groups is interrelated

Stabilization Time of Refractive Errors and Astigmatism after Cataract Surgery Using Phacoemulsification and Foldable Intraocular Lens Implants

Purpose: To evaluate the stabilization time of astigmatism and refractive errors after cataract surgery using phacoemulsification and foldable lens implantation.Patients and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out with convenience sampling method and included patients who underwent cataract surgery using phacoemulsification and implantation of foldable intraocular lens. The patients were evaluated and their data including age, sex, uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity,  corneal cylinder, cylinder axis,  Sim K, and intra ocular pressure were recorded prior to the surgery as well as in days 2, 3, 4, weeks 1, 2, 5 and day 75 post surgery. Results: Eighty one eyes of 77 patients with mean age of 61.39 ± 10.9 years were evaluated. The mean follow up time was 60.5 ± 48.86 days. The mean keratometry before surgery was 44.90 ± 1.85 diopters, while the mean axial length, the mean intraocular pressure and the mean astigmatism were 23.15 ± 1.98 mm, 14.01 ± 2.95 mmHg and 0.99 ± 1.10 diopters, respectively. The mean postoperative keratometry at last visit was 45.34 ± 1.80 diopters, and the mean intraocular pressure and astigmatism were, 12.46 ± 2.87 mmHg and 1.14 ± 0.96 diopters, respectively. The mean time for refraction stabilization was 11.46 ± 11.40 days and the mean stabilization time for astigmatism was 10.18 ± 11.34 days. Conclusion: In the present study the mean stabilization time for refraction and astigmatism after cataract surgery in an Iranian population using phacoemulsification and foldable lens implantation was comparable with previous studies. &nbsp

Collocation methods for the numerical bifurcation analysis of systems of nonlinear partial differential equations

The study of nonlinear phenomena has been an important endeavor for scientists. Some nonlinear phenomena can be modeled mathematically as nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). There are no analytical solutions for most nonlinear PDEs. Therefore, an appropriate numerical method must be used in order to compute an adequate approximate solution. A new class of numerical methods, called Finite Element Collocation Methods with Discontinuous Piecewise Polynomials, has recently been proposed for solving nonlinear elliptic PDE. In this thesis, this method has been generalized for solving nonlinear elliptic PDE systems using an alternative nested dissection solution procedure. Using a modified formulation of the pseudo-arclength continuation method, we have used this method in continuation studies and in the numerical bifurcation analysis of nonlinear PDE systems. In the thesis the method is introduced gradually, starting with the simplest case, linear ODE BVPs, followed by nonlinear ODE BVPs, linear scalar PDEs, nonlinear scalar PDEs, continuation problems in nonlinear scalar PDEs, and, finally, continuation problems for systems of nonlinear PDEs. AUTO has probably been the most widely used continuation software package for ODE problems. The collocation method introduced in this thesis, as well as the numerical method used to solve the resulting systems of nonlinear equations, can be viewed as a generalization to PDEs of the robust and powerful techniques for ODE BVPs that have made AUTO so widely used in computations and as a model for other continuation software projects. As a part of the research toward the construction of an AUTO-like software package for PDE problems, prototype software has been developed for the numerical bifurcation analysis of nonlinear elliptic PDE systems in two-dimensional space (2D). The UML (The Unified Modelling Language) notation is used to present the implementation algorithms and our object-oriented prototype software. We consider several test problems, as well as some practical applications, such as the Bratu-Gelfand problem, the Brusselator system, and the streamfunction-vorticity formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations for a two-dimensional incompressible fluid flow problem. These examples demonstrate the capabilities and the strength of the collocation method with discontinuous elements for solving substantial PDEs continuation problems

Effect of conservation tillage systems on growth, yield and yield components of soybean

Conservation tillage systems have been used during recent years in many areas of Iran. In this study, the effect of conservation tillage on soybean yield, yield components and phenological characteristics was evaluated in Golestan province located at the northern Iran. Four different treatments including conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), no- tillage with no-till planter (NT-Planter) and no-tillage with no-till grain drill (NT-Grain Drill) were considered. A randomized complete block design with four replications was designed for the experiment. Soybean yield and yield components and some phenological characteristics were measured. Data were analyzed using SAS software and Duncan’s multiple range tests was used to compare the means. The results of two year experiments showed that in year 2012, NT-Grain drill with mean yield of 3612 kg ha-1 had the highest yield while the treatment MT had the lowest yield of 2794 kg ha-1. In year 2013, NT-Planter had the highest yield of 3617 kg ha-1 whereas CT method had the lowest yield of 3054 kg ha-1. It was concluded that NT methods with respect to yield increase are appropriate alternative to replace conventional tillage method in soybean cultivation. Phenological characteristics gave promising response to conservation tillage especially to no tillage

Facility location decisions within integrated forward/reverse logistics under uncertainty

In this paper, a stochastic mixed integer linear programming (SMILP) model is proposed to optimize the location and size of facilities and service centres in integrated forward and reverse streams under uncertainty. The objective of the model is to minimize establishment, transportation and inventory management costs and simultaneously maximize customer satisfaction with sustainable perspective. The model incorporates different elements and features of distribution networks including inventory management, transportation and establishment of new facilities as well as existing centres. The presented model is the streamlined approach for multi-objective, multi-period, multi-commodity distribution system, and it is supported by a real case study in automobile after sales network. Genetic algorithm is implemented to solve the model in reasonable time. The performance of the model and the effects of uncertainty on provided solution are studied under different cases. Competitive result of the stochastic model compared to deterministic model ensures that the proposed approach is valid to be applied for decision making under uncertainty.Scopu

Effect of dietary crude protein level on the performance and apparent digestibility of Iranian Saanen kids

The effects of increasing dietary levels of crude protein (CP) on growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and nutrient apparent digestibility on Iranian Saanen kids were studied. 24 Iranian Saanen weaned kids who were 86 ± 3 days old with live weight of 9 ± 03 kg were used in a completely randomized design. There were three treatments (n = 8 kids per treatment). The dietary treatments contained 35% lucerne hay with 65% concentrate supplement that consisted of 14, 15 and 16% CP for T1, T2 and T3, respectively (based on dry matter). The kids were housed in individual metabolic cages. Daily intake and body weight gain were determined and feed efficiency was calculated. Rumen fluid was collected by stomach tube and pH was immediately measured. The results show that, with increasing CP level in the diet, feed intake and body weight gain increased numerically, which was not significant (P> 0.5). Feed efficiency improved with increasing CP level. The effects of treatments on apparent digestibility were not significant (P> 0.5); but, ammonia-N and pH significantly increased with increasing CP level (P<0.5). No significant differences were observed between treatments for body measurement. Therefore, the results of this study show that increasing CP level from 14 to 16% improved performance in the Saanen kids.Keywords: Saanen kids, crude protein level, treatment, performanceAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(26), pp. 4202-420

La gestión sostenible y flexible del recurso humano en las organizaciones innovadoras

In response to the changes in economies and technology in recent decades, research in organizational theories have been focused toward innovative and entrepreneurial organizations. A research issue in this evolving research endeavor is adaptation of human resource management and the establishment of a sustainable human resource management. This paper investigates the main characteristics of a sustainable HRM in innovative organizations. The aim is to identify sustainable HRM as a key toward competing in turbulent markets. The problem statement is to find the relationship between psychological capital, HR flexibility and sustainable HRM in innovative organizations. Three main variables of HR flexibility, HR sustainability and psychological capital form the theoretical model of this study; and four hypotheses are developed based on this model. Findings do not reject any of four hypotheses, so it is concluded that psychological capital and HR flexibility has positive and meaningful effect on sustainable HRM; and in addition, psychological capital has positive and meaningful effect on sustainable HRM. Moreover, flexibility has moderate role in relationship between psychological capital and sustainable HRMEn respuesta a los cambios en las economías y la tecnología en las décadas recientes, la investigación en las teorías organizacionales ha estado enfocada en las empresas innovadoras y emprendedoras. Un tema de exploración en estos esfuerzos por una investigación cambiante se trata de la adaptación de la gestión del recurso humano (GRH) y el establecimiento de una gestión sostenible del recurso humano (GRH sostenible). Este artículo investiga las principales características de la GRH en las organizaciones innovadoras. El objetivo es identificar la GRH sostenible como clave para competir en mercados turbulen- tos. El problema planteado radica en encontrar la relación entre el capital psicológico y la flexibilidad en los recursos humanos y la GRH sostenible en organizaciones innovadoras. Tres importantes variables de la flexibilidad de los recursos humanos, la sostenibilidad de los recursos humanos y el capital psicológico forman el modelo teórico de este estudio; y se desarrollan cuatro hipótesis basadas en este modelo. Los hallazgos no rechazan ninguna de las cuatro hipótesis, por lo cual se concluye que el capital psicológico y la flexibilidad en los recursos humanos tienen un efecto positivo y significativo en la GRH sostenible, y adicional- mente, el capital psicológico tiene un efecto positivo y significativo en la GRH sostenible. Además, la flexibilidad desempeña un rol moderado en la relación entre capital psicológico y la GRH sostenibl