Why do stabilizations fail?

This paper is an empirical analysis of the likelihood of failure of inflation stabilization programs. Random effects logit models are estimated on a dataset of 39 programs implemented in 10 countries, in order to determine which economic and political variables affect the probability of failure of stabilizations. This study's main contribution is to show that political factors are very important determinants of the success or failure of stabilization programs. There is empirical evidence that political instability, party fractionalization, autocracy, longer time in office and left-wing ideological orientation of incumbents lead to higher probabilities of failure of stabilization attempts.inflation stabilization, failure, political economy,

Task and content modulate amygdala-hippocampal connectivity in emotional retrieval

The ability to remember emotional events is crucial for adapting to biologically and socially significant situations. Little is known, however, about the nature of the neural interactions supporting the integration of mnemonic and emotional information. Using fMRI and dynamic models of effective connectivity, we examined regional neural activity and specific interactions between brain regions during a contextual memory retrieval task. We independently manipulated emotional context and relevance of retrieved emotional information to task demands. We show that retrieval of emotionally valenced contextual information is associated with enhanced connectivity from hippocampus to amygdala, structures crucially involved with encoding of emotional events. When retrieval of emotional information is relevant to current behavior, amygdala-hippocampal connectivity increases bidirectionally, under modulatory influences from orbitofrontal cortex, a region implicated in representation of affective value and behavioral guidance. Our findings demonstrate that both memory content and behavioral context impact upon large scale neuronal dynamics underlying emotional retrieval

Enraizamento de estacas lenhosas de pereira tratadas com AIB e mantidas em ambiente de estufa tipo B.O.D. e de telado Rooting of hardwood cuttings of pear tree with IBA under B.O.D. chamber and greenhouse environment

Pesquisou-se o enraizamento da pereira em ambiente controlado de estufa tipo B.O.D. e em telado simples. Utilizou-se a cultivar híbrida 'Limeira', destinada exclusivamente para fins culinários e para porta-enxerto. Estacas lenhosas sem folhas, medindo 25 cm de comprimento, foram tratadas com ácido indolbutírico (AIB) nas concentrações de 0; 2.000; 4.000 e 6.000 mg.L-1 por 10 segundos. Como substrato, utilizou-se da mistura de vermiculita e areia grossa (2:1 v/v), sendo a mesma umedecida com meio contendo solução salina MS e sacarose 1%. As estacas permaneceram por 42 dias dentro de estufas tipo B.O.D. (temperatura de 25ºC, umidade relativa do ar de 90% e fotoperíodo de 8 horas) e de telado com irrigação por microaspersão, sem controle ambiental. Em ambiente controlado de estufa, as estacas não-tratadas com AIB iniciaram intensa brotação das gemas e formação de calo após sete dias do plantio. Já em ambiente de telado, essas estacas demoraram 21 dias para o início de brotação das gemas, mostrando menor desenvolvimento de calo. Nas estacas tratadas com AIB, os calos surgiram nas regiões dos cortes após o terceiro dia de incubação na estufa B.O.D. As raízes desenvolveram-se a partir dos tecidos da base e dos calos, tornando-se mais nítidas a partir de 14 e 28 dias, respectivamente, para os ambientes de estufa e de telado. Após 42 dias, o melhor percentual de enraizamento (83%) foi verificado no tratamento com AIB a 2.000 mg.L-1, em ambiente de estufa B.O.D. O emprego dessa estufa, com temperatura, luz e umidade relativa controladas, mostrou-se viável em relação ao telado, no processo de enraizamento das estacas lenhosas da pereira 'Limeira', podendo favorecer o sistema de propagação vegetativa da pereira e encurtar o período da formação de mudas.<br>The rooting of cuttings pear under controlled environment of chamber (B.O.D. type) and greenhouse was searched. Hardwood cuttings of 'Limeira' pear, without leaves, measuring 25 cm of length, were treated with 0, 2000, 4000 and 6000 mg.L-1 of indolbutyric acid (IBA), for 10 seconds. The vermiculite and sand mixture substrate (2:1 v/v) was used and humidified with half contends MS saline solution and sucrose 1%. The cutting stayed per 42 days inside both B.O.D. chamber (temperature of 25ºC, relative humidity of 90% and photoperiod of 8 hours) and greenhouse with irrigation for aspersion, without environmental control. In B.O.D chamber, the cuttings not treated with IBA began an intense sprouting of the buds and callus formation after seven days of planting. On the other hand in greenhouse atmosphere, those cuttings delayed 21 days for the beginning of the bud sprouting, showing smaller callus development. In the cuttings treated with IBA, the callus appeared in the areas of the cuts after the third day of incubation in the stove B.O.D. The roots were developed starting from the tissues of the base and of the callus, becoming clearer from the 14th and 28th day, respectively, for the stove atmosphere and of greenhouse. After 42 days, the best rooting percentage (83%) was verified in the treatment with IBA at 2000 mg.L-1, in B.O.D chamber atmosphere. The utilization of B.O.D chamber, with controlled temperature, light and relative humidity, showed to be more advantageous than the process of greenhouse in the rooting of woody cutting of the 'Limeira' pear tree, that could favor the system of vegetative propagation of the pear tree and to shorten the period of formation of young plants