The Influence of Background Information in Translation: Quantity vs. Quality or Both?

The purpose of this article is to explore ways to provide effective as well as practical teaching tools that can be utilized in translation courses for undergraduate students. The present study specifically focuses on the effect of having access to background information of the translation. Two groups are compared for this aim. One group was asked to conduct background research on the translation topic prior to engaging in the translation while the other group only had access to dictionaries to carry out the identical task. Students were asked to complete translations from Korean into English. Outputs of the two groups were compared to assess the impact of background information. The quantity and quality of background information were also analyzed to examine their influence on the quality of translation.Cet article a pour but d’explorer la façon de fournir aux étudiants, inscrits aux programmes universitaires de traduction, des outils d’apprentissage qui sont à la fois efficaces et pratiques. En comparant les résultats de deux groupes, cette étude visait à établir si l’accès des traducteurs aux données de fond d’un texte pourrait influencer la qualité de la traduction. Avant d’entamer la traduction en anglais d’un texte coréen, un groupe devait premièrement obtenir les données de fond tandis que l’autre ne pouvait se fier que sur des dictionnaires pour traduire les mêmes documents. Le résultat du travail des deux groupes a été comparé afin d’analyser l’effet de données supplémentaires. La qualité et la quantité d’information obtenue ont aussi été analysées afin de mesurer leur influence sur la qualité de la traduction.본 연구는 학부생들을 대상으로 실시하는 번역 교육의 효율성을 제고할 수 있는 방법을 살펴보았다. 특히, 번역 수행에 있어서 주제와 관련된 배경 지식의 중요성을 두 집단에 대한 비교 분석을 통해 알아보았다. 한 집단에게는 번역을 수행하기 전에 주제와 관련된 자료를 수집하고 분석하는 등 사전 준비를 하도록 하였으며 다른 집단은 사전만을 사용하여 번역을 하도록 하였다. 학생들의 번역을 평가한 후 통계적 분석을 통해 관련 자료 준비의 중요성을 입증하였으며 특히 관련자료의 양적, 질적인 차이가 번역의 질에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대한 분석 결과도 도출하였다

Differential Impact of Racial Microaggressions on Asian Americans: Relationship to Perpetrator and Power Status

The unremitting image of Asian Americans as being "Model Minority" has created a veil that conceals their incessant struggles with discrimination, prejudice and microaggressions on individual, institutional and cultural levels. Previous studies have highlighted the personal and collective struggles of this group and emphasized the harmful consequences to physical, emotional and mental well-being of Asian Americans. The current study explored potential factors that may influence the impact of experiencing racial microaggressions for Asian Americans. More specifically, a 2 x 2 between-subjects factorial design was utilized to examine whether level of familiarity and role of power in the target's relationship with the perpetrator differentially impacts the experience of a racial microaggression. A vignette illustrated a microaggressive encounter with a perpetrator who differed on these conditions with a sample of 263 Asian Americans. The findings indicate support for the damaging psychological consequences of receiving racial microaggressions with participants reporting significantly negative experience when the perpetrator was someone familiar in a position of authority. The results of the present study contribute to the literature on racial microaggressions by providing support for the injurious impact it has for Asian Americans and continues to challenge the model minority myth that persists to silence their voices and invalidate their racial reality

Simultaneous deletion of floxed genes mediated by CaMKIIa-Cre in the brain and in male germ cells: application to conditional and conventional disruption of Go-alfa

The Cre/LoxP system is a well-established approach to spatially and temporally control genetic inactivation. The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha subunit (CaMKIIα) promoter limits expression to specific regions of the forebrain and thus has been utilized for the brain-specific inactivation of the genes. Here, we show that CaMKIIα-Cre can be utilized for simultaneous inactivation of genes in the adult brain and in male germ cells. Double transgenic Rosa26+/stop-lacZ::CaMKIIα-Cre+/Cre mice generated by crossing CaMKIIα-Cre+/Cre mice with floxed ROSA26 lacZ reporter (Rosa26+/stop-lacZ) mice exhibited lacZ expression in the brain and testis. When these mice were mated to wild-type females, about 27% of the offspring were whole body blue by X-gal staining without inheriting the Cre transgene. These results indicate that recombination can occur in the germ cells of male Rosa26+/stop-lacZ::CaMKIIα-Cre+/Cre mice. Similarly, when double transgenic Gnao+/f::CaMKIIα-Cre+/Cre mice carrying a floxed Go-alpha gene (Gnaof/f) were backcrossed to wild-type females, approximately 22% of the offspring carried the disrupted allele (GnaoΔ) without inheriting the Cre transgene. The GnaoΔ/Δ mice closely resembled conventional Go-alpha knockout mice (Gnao−/−) with respect to impairment of their behavior. Thus, we conclude that CaMKIIα-Cre mice afford recombination for both tissue- and time-controlled inactivation of floxed target genes in the brain and for their permanent disruption. This work also emphasizes that extra caution should be exercised in utilizing CaMKIIα-Cre mice as breeding pairs.Fil: Choi, Chan-Il. Ajou University. School of Medicine; Corea del SurFil: Yoon, Sang-Phil. Ajou University. School of Medicine; Corea del SurFil: Choi, Jung-Mi. Ajou University. School of Medicine; Corea del SurFil: Kim, Sung-Soo. Ajou University. School of Medicine; Corea del SurFil: Lee, Young-Don. Ajou University. School of Medicine; Corea del SurFil: Birnbaumer, Lutz. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Estados Unidos. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: Suh-Kim. Haeyoung. Ajou University. School of Medicine; Corea del Su

EWSR1 prevents the induction of aneuploidy through direct regulation of Aurora B

EWSR1 (Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1) was originally identified as a part of an aberrant EWSR1/FLI1 fusion gene in Ewing sarcoma, the second most common pediatric bone cancer. Due to formation of the EWSR1/FLI1 fusion gene in the tumor genome, the cell loses one wild type EWSR1 allele. Our previous study demonstrated that the loss of ewsr1a (homologue of human EWSR1) in zebrafish leads to the high incidence of mitotic dysfunction, of aneuploidy, and of tumorigenesis in the tp53 mutant background. To dissect the molecular function of EWSR1, we successfully established a stable DLD-1 cell line that enables a conditional knockdown of EWSR1 using an Auxin Inducible Degron (AID) system. When both EWSR1 genes of DLD-1 cell were tagged with mini-AID at its 5′-end using a CRISPR/Cas9 system, treatment of the (AID-EWSR1/AID-EWSR1) DLD-1 cells with a plant-based Auxin (AUX) led to the significant levels of degradation of AID-EWSR1 proteins. During anaphase, the EWSR1 knockdown (AUX+) cells displayed higher incidence of lagging chromosomes compared to the control (AUX-) cells. This defect was proceeded by a lower incidence of the localization of Aurora B at inner centromeres, and by a higher incidence of the protein at Kinetochore proximal centromere compared to the control cells during pro/metaphase. Despite these defects, the EWSR1 knockdown cells did not undergo mitotic arrest, suggesting that the cell lacks the error correction mechanism. Significantly, the EWSR1 knockdown (AUX+) cells induced higher incidence of aneuploidy compared to the control (AUX-) cells. Since our previous study demonstrated that EWSR1 interacts with the key mitotic kinase, Aurora B, we generated replacement lines of EWSR1-mCherry and EWSR1:R565A-mCherry (a mutant that has low affinity for Aurora B) in the (AID-EWSR1/AID-EWSR1) DLD-1 cells. The EWSR1-mCherry rescued the high incidence of aneuploidy of EWSR1 knockdown cells, whereas EWSR1-mCherry:R565A failed to rescue the phenotype. Together, we demonstrate that EWSR1 prevents the induction of lagging chromosomes, and of aneuploidy through the interaction with Aurora B

Chromosomal localization of Ewing sarcoma EWSR1/FLI1 protein promotes the induction of aneuploidy

Ewing sarcoma is a pediatric bone cancer that expresses the chimeric protein EWSR1/FLI1. We previously demonstrated that EWSR1/FLI1 impairs the localization of Aurora B kinase to the midzone (the midline structure located between segregating chromosomes) during anaphase. While localization of Aurora B is essential for faithful cell division, it is unknown whether interference with midzone organization by EWSR1/FLI1 induces aneuploidy. To address this, we generated stable Tet-on inducible cell lines with EWSR1/FLI1, using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to integrate the transgene at the safe-harbor AAVS1 locus in DLD-1 cells. Induced cells expressing EWSR1/FLI1 displayed an increased incidence of aberrant localization of Aurora B, and greater levels of aneuploidy, compared with noninduced cells. Furthermore, the expression of EWSR1/FLI1-T79A, containing a threonine (Thr) to alanine (Ala) substitution at amino acid 79, failed to induce these phenotypes, indicating that Thr 79 is critical for EWSR1/FLI1 interference with mitosis. In contrast, the phosphomimetic mutant EWSR1/FLI1-T79D (Thr to aspartic acid (Asp)) retained the high activity as wild-type EWSR1/FLI1. Together, these findings suggest that phosphorylation of EWSR1/FLI1 at Thr 79 promotes the colocalization of EWSR1/FLI1 and Aurora B on the chromosomes during prophase and metaphase and, in addition, impairs the localization of Aurora B during anaphase, leading to induction of aneuploidy. This is the first demonstration of the mechanism for EWSR1/FLI1-dependent induction of aneuploidy associated with mitotic dysfunction and the identification of the phosphorylation of the Thr 79 of EWSR1/FLI1 as a critical residue required for this induction

Deletion of the α subunit of the heterotrimeric Go protein impairs cerebellar cortical development in mice

Go is a member of the pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi/o family. Despite its abundance in the central nervous system, the precise role of Go remains largely unknown compared to other G proteins. In the present study, we explored the functions of Go in the developing cerebellar cortex by deleting its gene, Gnao. We performed a histological analysis with cerebellar sections of adult mice by cresyl violet- and immunostaining. Global deletion of Gnao induced cerebellar hypoplasia, reduced arborization of Purkinje cell dendrites, and atrophied Purkinje cell dendritic spines and the terminal boutons of climbing fibers from the inferior olivary nucleus. These results indicate that Go-mediated signaling pathway regulates maturation of presynaptic parallel fibers from granule cells and climbing fibers during the cerebellar cortical development.Fil: Cha, Hye Lim. Ajou University, School Of Medicine; Corea del SurFil: Choi, Jung Mi. Ajou University, School Of Medicine; Corea del SurFil: Oh, Huy Hyen. Ajou University, School Of Medicine; Corea del SurFil: Bashyal, Narayan. Ajou University, School Of Medicine; Corea del SurFil: Kim, Sung-Soo. Ajou University, School Of Medicine; Corea del SurFil: Birnbaumer, Lutz. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina "Santa María de los Buenos Aires". Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; ArgentinaFil: Suh Kim, Haeyoung. Ajou University, School Of Medicine; Corea del Su

Recent advances in measurement techniques for atmospheric carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide observations

International audienceCarbon monoxide (CO) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) are two key parameters in the observation of the atmosphere, relevant to air quality and climate change, respectively. For CO, various analytical techniques have been in use over the last few decades. In contrast, N 2 O was mainly measured using gas chromatography (GC) with an electron capture detector (ECD). In recent years, new spectroscopic methods have become available which are suitable for both CO and N 2 O. These include infrared (IR) spectroscopic techniques such as cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Corresponding instruments became recently commercially available and are increasingly used at atmospheric monitoring stations. We analysed results obtained through performance audits conducted within the framework of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) quality management system of the World Meteorology Organization (WMO). These results reveal that current spectroscopic measurement techniques have clear advantages with respect to data quality objectives compared to more traditional methods for measuring CO and N 2 O. Further , they allow for a smooth continuation of historic CO and N 2 O time series. However, special care is required concerning potential water vapour interference on the CO amount fraction reported by near-IR CRDS instruments. This is reflected in the results of parallel measurement campaigns, which clearly indicate that drying the sample air leads to an improved accuracy of CO measurements with such near-IR CRDS instruments