Integrated Management of European Cherry Fruit Fly Rhagoletis cerasi (L.): Situation in Switzerland and Europe

Abstract: The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a highly destructive pest. The low tolerance for damaged fruit requires preventive insecticide treatments for a marketable crop. The phase-out of old insecticides threatens cherry production throughout the European Union (EU). Consequently, new management techniques and tools are needed. With the increasing number of dwarf tree orchards covered against rain to avoid fruit splitting, crop netting has become a viable, cost-effective method of cherry fruit fly control. Recently, a biocontrol method using the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has been developed for organic agriculture. However, for most situations, there is still a lack of efficient and environmentally sound insecticides to control this pest. This review summarizes the literature from over one hundred years of research on R. cerasi with focus on the biology and history of cherry fruit fly control as well as on antagonists and potential biocontrol organisms. We will present the situation of cherry fruit fly regulation in different European countries, give recommendations for cherry fruit fly control, show gaps in knowledge and identify future research opportunities

Telenomus minutus Ratzb. (Hym., Scelionidae) als Eiparasitoid der Frostspanner Operophtera brumata L. und O. fagata Scharf. (Lep., Geometridae) in Nordbayern

Telenomus minutus Ratzb. (Hym., Scelionidae): an egg parasitoid of winter moth Operophtera brumata L. and O. fagata Scharf. (Lep., Geometridae) in Northern Bavaria In spring 1990 Telenomus minutus Ratzb. was found to be an egg parasitoid of Operophtera brumata L. and O. fagata Scharf. on oak in Spessart (North Bavaria, FRG). This is the first report of egg parasitism of winter moth in Middle Europe. Winter moth eggs with parasitoid eggs or larvae inside were reddish coloured like unparasitized eggs. In contrast, host eggs with T. minutus pupae or imagines inside were dark brown. This colouration remains visible after T. minutus imagines had emerged. Adult parasitoid emerged about three weeks after keeping the host eggs at room temperature, i.e. about 22 °C. Parasitized eggs were found both, at unprotected and protected oviposition sites. The total parasitation was 55%. The sexual index was 0.83. The results are discussed in regard of population dynamics of winter moth and the use of T. minutus for biocontrol of O. brumata. Im Frühjahr 1990 wurde Telenomus minutus Ratzb. als Ei‐Parasitoid von Operophtera brumata L. und O. fagata Scharf. an Eiche im Spessart, Bayern, FRG, festgestellt. Dies ist unseres Wissens der erste Fund von Ei‐Parasitoiden des Kleinen Frostspanners in Mitteleuropa. T. minutus ist bisher als Ei‐Parasitoid der Noctuide Orthosia miniosa Scharf. bekannt. Frostspanner‐Eier, in denen sich Eier oder Junglarven des Parasitoiden befanden, waren normal (rötlich) gefärbt. Dagegen waren Eier, in denen sich bereits Telenomus‐Puppen oder ‐Imagines entwickelt hatten, dunkelbraun gefärbt. Telenomus‐Imagines schlüpften etwa 3 Wochen, nachdem die Wirtseier warm gestellt worden waren (22 °C). Die dunkelbraune Färbung ist auch nach dem Schlupf des Parasitoiden aus dem Wirtsei deutlich zu erkennen. Parasitierte Frostspanner‐Eier wurden sowohl an leicht zugänglichen als auch an versteckten Eiablageorten gefunden. Die durchschnittliche Parasi‐tierungsrate betrug 55 %. Der Sexualindex lag bei 0,83. Die Ergebnisse werden unter dem Aspekt der Populationsdynamik und der eventuellen Nutzung von T. minutus in der biologischen bzw. integrier‐ten Bekämpfung diskutiert. 1992 Blackwell Verlag Gmb