9 research outputs found

    Childhood lead exposure in France: benefit estimation and partial cost-benefit analysis of lead hazard control

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Lead exposure remains a public health concern due to its serious adverse effects, such as cognitive and behavioral impairment: children younger than six years of age being the most vulnerable population. In Europe, the lead-related economic impacts have not been examined in detail. We estimate the annual costs in France due to childhood exposure and, through a cost benefit analysis (CBA), aim to assess the expected social and economic benefits of exposure abatement.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Monetary benefits were assessed in terms of avoided national costs. We used results from a 2008 survey on blood-lead (B-Pb) concentrations in French children aged one to six years old. Given the absence of a threshold concentration being established, we performed a sensitivity analysis assuming different hypothetical threshold values for toxicity above 15 ÎŒg/L, 24 ÎŒg/L and 100 ÎŒg/L. Adverse health outcomes of lead exposure were translated into social burden and economic costs based on literature data from literature. Direct health benefits, social benefits and intangible avoided costs were included. Costs of pollutant exposure control were partially estimated in regard to homes lead-based paint decontamination, investments aiming at reducing industrial lead emissions and removal of all lead drinking water pipes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The following overall annual benefits for the three hypothetical thresholds values in 2008 are: €22.72 billion, €10.72 billion and €0.44 billion, respectively. Costs from abatement ranged from €0.9 billion to 2.95 billion/year. Finally, from a partial CBA of lead control in soils and dust the estimates of total net benefits were € 3.78 billion, € 1.88 billion and €0.25 billion respectively for the three hypothesized B-Pb effect values.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Prevention of childhood lead exposure has a high social benefit, due to reduction of B-Pb concentrations to levels below 15 ÎŒg/L or 24 ÎŒg/L, respectively. Reducing only exposures above 100 ÎŒg/L B-Pb has little economic impact due to the small number of children who now exhibit such high exposure levels. Prudent public policies would help avoiding future medical interventions, limit the need for special education and increase future productivity, and hence lifetime income for children exposed to lead.</p

    Low-frequency and rare exome chip variants associate with fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes susceptibility

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    Fasting glucose and insulin are intermediate traits for type 2 diabetes. Here we explore the role of coding variation on these traits by analysis of variants on the HumanExome BeadChip in 60,564 non-diabetic individuals and in 16,491 T2D cases and 81,877 controls. We identify a novel association of a low-frequency nonsynonymous SNV in GLP1R (A316T; rs10305492; MAF=1.4%) with lower FG (ÎČ=−0.09±0.01 mmol l−1, P=3.4 × 10−12), T2D risk (OR[95%CI]=0.86[0.76–0.96], P=0.010), early insulin secretion (ÎČ=−0.07±0.035 pmolinsulin mmolglucose−1, P=0.048), but higher 2-h glucose (ÎČ=0.16±0.05 mmol l−1, P=4.3 × 10−4). We identify a gene-based association with FG at G6PC2 (pSKAT=6.8 × 10−6) driven by four rare protein-coding SNVs (H177Y, Y207S, R283X and S324P). We identify rs651007 (MAF=20%) in the first intron of ABO at the putative promoter of an antisense lncRNA, associating with higher FG (ÎČ=0.02±0.004 mmol l−1, P=1.3 × 10−8). Our approach identifies novel coding variant associations and extends the allelic spectrum of variation underlying diabetes-related quantitative traits and T2D susceptibility. Both rare and common variants contribute to the aetiology of complex traits such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, the authors examine the effect of coding variation on glycaemic traits and T2D, and identify low-frequency variation in GLP1R significantly associated with these traits

    Analyse rétrospective descriptive d'une série pédiatrique de huit patients atteints de thrombasthénie de Glanzmann

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    La thrombasthĂ©nie de Glanzmann est une affection gĂ©nĂ©tique autosomique rĂ©cessive rare, dĂ©crite pour la premiĂšre fois par le docteur Eduard Glanzmann en 1918, mais restant encore largement mĂ©connue. Cette pathologie se caractĂ©rise par un dĂ©ficit quantitatif ou qualitatif d une glycoprotĂ©ine plaquettaire nommĂ©e GPIIbIIIa, nĂ©cessaire Ă  la phase d aggrĂ©gation plaquettaire; ce rĂ©cepteur membranaire de la famille des intĂ©grines est constituĂ© de deux sous unitĂ©s, GPIIb et GPIIIa, pouvant toutes deux ĂȘtre concernĂ©es par des mutations de leurs gĂšnes respectifs situĂ©s sur le chromosome 17. Nous avons l'occasion de suivre Ă  Limoges une sĂ©rie de huit enfants au sein du dĂ©partement de pĂ©diatrie, qui est aussi le centre de rĂ©fĂ©rence de l hĂ©mophilie et des maladies congĂ©nitales de l'hĂ©mostase (auxquelles est rattachĂ©e la thrombasthĂ©nie de Glanzmann). Il semblait donc intĂ©ressant d effectuer une analyse descriptive rĂ©trospective de cette sĂ©rie et de la comparer aux donnĂ©es de la littĂ©rature. Nous avons obtenu les rĂ©sultats bruts suivants: sept patients sur huit issus de population consanguine, sans sex-ratio; un Ăąge moyen de diagnostic de deux mois et demi, avec une mĂ©diane nĂ©onatale, et un diagnostic Ă©voquĂ© dans plus d un tiers des cas face Ă  des manifestations hĂ©morragiques cutanĂ©es type purpura, associĂ©es la plupart du temps Ă  d autres manifestations hĂ©morragiques cutanĂ©omuqueuses; des symptĂŽmes hĂ©morragiques variĂ©s, essentiellement gastrointestinaux (33%), ORL (26% d Ă©pistaxis), traumatiques (21%) et stomatologiques (11%), avec une gravitĂ© plus importante des saignements gastrointestinaux (Ă  l origine de 50% des sĂ©jours en rĂ©animation). La prise en charge de tous les patients a reposĂ© sur une part Ă©ducative et prĂ©ventive, et sur une part mĂ©dicale transfusionnelle; trois des huit patients ont Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©s par NovoSevenÂź, et un en projet de greffe de moelle (un patient). Une grande majoritĂ© (sept sur huit) ont dĂ©veloppĂ© Ă  un moment ou un autre une complication alloimmunitaire. Ces donnĂ©es sont globalement assez comparables avec celles de la littĂ©rature. Sur le plan Ă©pidĂ©miologique, nous ne disposons pas de donnĂ©es de prĂ©valence ni d incidence nous permettant une comparaison; nous retrouvons cependant assez clairement les notions de. Milieu consanguin, et l absence de sex-ration qu on s attend Ă  retrouver dans le cadre d une affection autososmique rĂ©cessive. Les manifestations cliniques sont elles aussi assez typiques bien que non superposables aux autres sĂ©ries, avec toutefois des difficultĂ©s de comparaison liĂ©es aux modes de recueil des donnĂ©es qui n est pas forcĂ©ment identique. La prise en charge proposĂ©e dans notre sĂ©rie reste conforme Ă  la fois aux recommandations et aux pratiques concernant l Ă©ducation et le recours transfusionnel, avec des complications Ă  type d alloimmunisation frĂ©quentes; cependant, le NovoSevenÂź, qui a fait la preuve de son efficacitĂ© dans cette indication, n a pas toujours Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© de façon adaptĂ©e, et la petite taille de notre sĂ©rie associĂ© au faible pourcentage d utilisation de ce produit ne nous permettent pas de conclure Ă  ce sujet. La greffe de moelle, envisagĂ©e chez l un de nos patients, est bien dĂ©crite dans la littĂ©rature dans des cas extrĂȘmes et de façon assez anecdotique. Ces rĂ©sultats sont intĂ©ressants, mais ce travail mĂ©riterait d ĂȘtre poursuivi afin d avoir plus de recul concernant l Ă©volution et plus de donnĂ©es concernant la prise en charge par NovoSevenÂźLIMOGES-BU MĂ©decine pharmacie (870852108) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Impact of initial FDG-PET/CT and serum-free light chain on transformation of conventionally defined solitary plasmacytoma to multiple myeloma

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    International audiencePURPOSE: Solitary plasmacytoma (SP) is a localized proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells in either bone or soft tissue, without evidence of multiple myeloma (MM), and whose prognosis is marked by a high risk of transformation to MM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We studied the impact of FDG-PET/CT (2[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography) on the risk of transformation of SP to overt MM among other markers in a series of 43 patients diagnosed with SP. RESULTS: Median age was 57.5 years; 48% of patients had an abnormal involved serum-free light chain (sFLC) value, and 64% had an abnormal sFLC ratio at diagnosis. Thirty-three percent had two or more hypermetabolic lesions on initial PET/CT, and 20% had two or more focal lesions on initial MRI. With a median follow-up of 50 months, 14 patients transformed to MM with a median time (TTMM) of 71 months. The risk factors that significantly shortened TTMM at diagnosis were two or more hypermetabolic lesions on PET/CT, abnormal sFLC ratio and involved sFLC, and to a lesser extent at completion of treatment, absence of normalized involved sFLC and PET/CT or MRI. In a multivariate analysis, abnormal initial involved sFLC [OR = 10; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1-87; P = 0.008] and PET/CT (OR = 5; 95% CI, 0-9; P = 0.032) independently shortened TTMM. CONCLUSIONS: An abnormal involved sFLC value and the presence of at least two hypermetabolic lesions on PET/CT at diagnosis of SP were the two predictors of early evolution to myeloma in our series. This data analysis will need confirmation in a larger study, and the study of these two risk factors may lead to a different management of patients with SP in the future.

    Pyramidal cells of rodent presubiculum express a tetrodotoxin-insensitive Na+ current

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    Presubicular neurons are activated physiologically by a specific preferred head direction. Here we show that firing in these neurones is characterized by action potentials with a large overshoot and a reduced firing frequency adaptation during repetitive firing. We found that a component of the sodium current of presubicular cells was not abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX, 10 ÎŒm) and was activated at more depolarized voltages than TTX-sensitive currents. This inward current was completely abolished by the removal of external sodium, suggesting that sodium is the charge carrier of this TTX-insensitive (TTX-I) current. The channels responsible for the TTX-I sodium current seemed to be expressed at sites distant from the soma, giving rise to a voltage-dependent delay in current activation. The voltage required for half-maximal activation was −21 mV, and −36 mV for inactivation, which is similar to that reported for NaV1.8 sodium channels. However, the kinetics were considerably slower, with a time constant of current decay of 1.4 s. The current was not abolished in pyramidal cells from animals lacking either the NaV1.8 or the NaV1.9 subunit. This, possibly novel, TTX-I sodium current could contribute to the coding functions of presubicular neurons, specifically the maintained firing associated with signalling of a stable head position

    Le Maroc au présent. D'une époque à l'autre, une société en mutation

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    Le Maroc est probablement l’un des pays d’Afrique du Nord et du Moyen Orient les plus Ă©tudiĂ©s par les sciences sociales et humaines. MotivĂ©e par la diversitĂ© objective du pays, cette faveur n’en demeure pas moins ambiguĂ«, en ce qu’elle a contribuĂ© Ă  consacrer l’antinomie tradition/modernitĂ©. À rebours de ce clichĂ©, Le Maroc au prĂ©sent expose plusieurs facettes des tensions qui traversent la sociĂ©tĂ© marocaine et montre qu’elles ne sont ni figĂ©es ni subies par les gens. En multipliant les approches en sciences humaines et sociales, cet ouvrage examine, notamment Ă  partir d’observations de terrain, les transformations qui se sont produites ce dernier quart de siĂšcle, Ă  tous les niveaux. Pour donner Ă  connaĂźtre, du plus prĂšs possible, le Maroc d’aujourd’hui, l’ouvrage propose une variĂ©tĂ© de regards croisĂ©s, souvent personnalisĂ©s, sur les processus sociaux, dans leurs expressions les plus variĂ©es. En cela, Le Maroc au prĂ©sent se veut beaucoup plus un ouvrage d’exploration qu’un simple livre de synthĂšse. De par la pluralitĂ© disciplinaire des contributeurs et la diversitĂ© des terrains explorĂ©s, il est un Ă©tat de la recherche sur le Maroc contemporain, fait Ă  partir du Maroc
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