Maakuntalehtien esimiesten kielenhuoltodiskurssit

Tiivistelmä. Pro gradu -tutkielmassani tarkastelen maakuntalehtien esimiesten kielenhuoltodiskursseja eli tapaa, jolla he puhuvat kielenhuollosta. Lisäksi tutkin heidän kielikäsityksiään. Tutkielmani aineisto koostuu Suomessa ilmestyvien maakuntalehtien esimiesten nauhoitetuista ja litteroiduista haastatteluista. Haastatteluja on yhteensä kahdeksan, ja ne on tehty loka-marraskuussa 2019 puhelinhaastatteluina. Tutkimuksessani tavoitteenani on ollut selvittää, millaisia kielenhuoltodiskursseja informantit haastattelutilanteessa aktivoivat. Lisäksi tutkin, millaisia yleiskieleen ja kielenhuoltoon liittyviä kielikäsityksiä kyseisistä kielenhuoltodiskursseista voidaan havaita. Teoreettisena viitekehyksenä tutkimukselleni toimivat sosiolingvistiikka ja kansanlingvistiikka. Metodinani puolestaan toimi kriittinen diskurssianalyysi. Eristin aineistostani seitsemän kielenhuoltodiskurssia: vuorovaikutusdiskurssin, ammattidiskurssin, laatudiskurssin, perinnediskurssin, tunnediskurssin, muutosdiskurssin ja työkaludiskurssin. Vuorovaikutusdiskurssi, ammattidiskurssi ja laatudiskurssi korostavat toimittajien journalistista tehtävää, esimerkkinä toimimista, vastuuta sekä uskottavuutta. Tunnediskurssi kertoo kielen herättämistä tunteista: tällöin informantit kommentoivat pääasiassa vain omaa suhtautumistaan kieleen. Esimerkiksi liialliseen kielivirheisiin puuttumiseen saatetaan suhtautua affektiivisen kielteisesti. Työkaludiskurssi aktivoituu aineistossa silloin, kun kieltä kuvataan ensisijaisesti välineeksi tehdä toimittajan työtä. Tällöin kielenhuolto suhteutetaan muihin toimitustyön osa-alueisiin. Perinnediskurssi ja muutosdiskurssi käsittelevät kieleen kohdistuvaa muutosta vastakkaisista näkökulmista. Perinnediskurssissa esille nousee se, että kielen tulee pysyä tietynlaisena. Siihen sisältyy kielen vaalimisen ajatus sekä se, että kielen muuttuminen tarkoittaa sen huonontumista tai rappioitumista. Muutosdiskurssi taas sisältää kielikäsityksen, jonka mukaan kieli muuttuu väistämättä jollain tavalla. Olennaista on, ettei siihen sisälly kielen huonontumisen ajatusta, vaikka muutokseen saatetaankin suhtautua kielteisesti. Tutkielmani perusteella informanttien mielestä kielenhuollolla on tärkeä paikka journalistisessa ammatissa ja jokapäiväisessä työssä maakuntalehdissä. Tietyt, kontekstiltaan historialliset kielenhuoltodiskurssit ovat sitkeitä, vaikka lingvistisestä näkökulmasta katsottuna niihin sisältyy mustavalkoista ajattelua kielestä. Näin on esimerkiksi vaalimisdiskurssin tapauksessa. Mukana on kuitenkin myös käsityksiä, jotka sopivat esimerkiksi kielenhuollon nykyiseen kielen demokratiaa korostavaan määritelmään. Tutkielmassani saadaan kansanlingvististä tietoa kielenhuoltodiskursseista ja samalla kielikäsityksistä. Kielikäsitykset vaikuttavat siihen, millä tavalla kielenhuoltoa tehdään ja miten kieleen suhtaudutaan. Sitä on mahdollista hyödyntää esimerkiksi toimittajakoulutuksessa

Self-localization of magnon Bose-Einstein condensates in the ground state and on excited levels: from harmonic to box-like trapping potential

Long-lived coherent spin precession of 3He-B at low temperatures around 0.2 Tc is a manifestation of Bose-Einstein condensation of spin-wave excitations or magnons in a magnetic trap which is formed by the order-parameter texture and can be manipulated experimentally. When the number of magnons increases, the orbital texture reorients under the influence of the spin-orbit interaction and the profile of the trap gradually changes from harmonic to a square well, with walls almost impenetrable to magnons. This is the first experimental example of Bose condensation in a box. By selective rf pumping the trap can be populated with a ground-state condensate or one at any of the excited energy levels. In the latter case the ground state is simultaneously populated by relaxation from the exited level, forming a system of two coexisting condensates.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Pedagoogiliste arendusuuringute suunad

Artikli eesmärk on tutvustada õpetamise täiustamise võimalusi, milles kombineeritakse tegevõpetajate kutsetööd teadusuuringutega. Ajalooliselt on tegevusuuring, mida hakati rakendama 1940. aastatel, neist uurimisviisidest kõige vanem. Pärast seda on välja pakutud mitmeid raamistikke, mis ühendavad praktilise õpetamistegevuse akadeemiliste püüdlustega, nt arendusuuring, translatiivne uuring, tööviise arendav uuring ja praktikute teadusuuringud ning nende arvukad versioonid ja kombinatsioonid. Selle artikli teine eesmärk on uurida filosoofilisest ja teoreetilisest vaatenurgast uurimistöö teoreetiliste ja praktiliste eesmärkide seost, ühendades Aristotelese klassikalised seisukohad epistemoloogia kohta Jürgen Habermasi teadmiste ja inimlike huvide teooriaga. Metodoloogiana kasutatakse teaduskirjanduse teoreetilist ja filosoofilist analüüsi.  Full tex

Nanoelectronic thermometers optimised for sub-10 millikelvin operation

We report the cooling of electrons in nanoelectronic Coulomb blockade thermometers below 4 mK. Above 7 mK the devices are in good thermal contact with the environment, well isolated from electrical noise, and not susceptible to self-heating. This is attributed to an optimised design that incorporates cooling fins with a high electron-phonon coupling and on-chip electronic filters, combined with a low-noise electronic measurement setup. Below 7 mK the electron temperature is seen to diverge from the ambient temperature. By immersing a Coulomb Blockade Thermometer in the 3He/4He refrigerant of a dilution refrigerator, we measure a lowest electron temperature of 3.7 mK.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures. (Fixed fitted saturation T_e on p9

Sex differences in faecal occult blood test screening for colorectal cancer

Background: This analysis of patients in a randomized population-based health services study was done to determine the effects of faecal occult blood test (FOBT) screening of colorectal cancer (CRC) in outcomes beyond mortality, and to obtain explanations for potential sex differences in screening effectiveness. Methods: In the Finnish FOBT screening programme (2004-2011), people aged 60-69 years were randomized into the screening and control arms. Differences in incidence, symptoms, tumour location, TNM categories, non-vital outcomes and survival in the screening and control arms were analysed. Results: From 321 311 individuals randomized, 743 patients with screening-detected tumours and 617 control patients with CRC were analysed. CRC was less common in women than in men (0.34 versus 0.50 per cent; risk ratio (RR) 0.82, 95 per cent c.i. 0.74 to 0.91) and women were less often asymptomatic (16.7 versus 22.0 per cent; RR 0.76, 0.61 to 0.93). Women more often had right-sided tumours (32.0 versus 21.3 per cent; RR 1.51, 1.26 to 1.80). Among men with left-sided tumours, those in the screening arm had lower N (RR 1.23, 1.02 to 1.48) and M (RR 1.57, 1.14 to 2.17) categories, as well as a higher overall survival rate than those in the control arm. Furthermore among men with left-sided tumours, non-radical resections (26.2 versus 15.7 per cent; RR 1.67, 1.22 to 2.30) and postoperative chemotherapy sessions (61.6 versus 48.2 per cent; RR 1.28, 1.10 to 1.48) were more frequent in the control arm. Similar benefits of screening were not detected in men with right-sided tumours or in women. Conclusion: Biennial FOBT screening seems to be effective in terms of improving several different outcomes in men, but not in women. Differences in incidence, symptoms and tumour location may explain the differences in screening efficacy between sexes.Peer reviewe

Domains of Archean mantle lithosphere deciphered by seismic anisotropy- initial results from the LAPNET array in northern Fennoscandia

Peer reviewe

Slow science: vaihtoehto yliopiston macdonaldisoitumiselle?

Suomalaisessa yliopistolaitoksessa on toteutettu 2000-luvun aikana merkittäviä (tiede)poliittiisia uudistuksia, joiden myötä siinä on alettu jäljitellä talouselämän toimintatapoja. Yliopiston toimintaa on pyritty tehostamaan ja nopeuttamaan tavalla, joka muistuttaa kriitikkojen mielestä pikaruokaketjun toimintaa. Yliopiston macdonaldisoituminen on jo käsite (mm. Kaita-Aho 2007)

Eight years of sub-micrometre organic aerosol composition data from the boreal forest characterized using a machine-learning approach

The Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR) II, located within the boreal forest of Finland, is a unique station in the world due to the wide range of long-term measurements tracking the Earth-atmosphere interface. In this study, we characterize the composition of organic aerosol (OA) at SMEAR II by quantifying its driving constituents. We utilize a multi-year data set of OA mass spectra measured in situ with an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) at the station. To our knowledge, this mass spectral time series is the longest of its kind published to date. Similarly to other previously reported efforts in OA source apportionment from multi-seasonal or multi-annual data sets, we approached the OA characterization challenge through positive matrix factorization (PMF) using a rolling window approach. However, the existing methods for extracting minor OA components were found to be insufficient for our rather remote site. To overcome this issue, we tested a new statistical analysis framework. This included unsupervised feature extraction and classification stages to explore a large number of unconstrained PMF runs conducted on the measured OA mass spectra. Anchored by these results, we finally constructed a relaxed chemical mass balance (CMB) run that resolved different OA components from our observations. The presented combination of statistical tools provided a data-driven analysis methodology, which in our case achieved robust solutions with minimal subjectivity. Following the extensive statistical analyses, we were able to divide the 2012-2019 SMEAR II OA data (mass concentration interquartile range (IQR): 0.7, 1.3, and 2.6 mu gm(-3)) into three sub-categories - low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA), semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA), and primary OA (POA) - proving that the tested methodology was able to provide results consistent with literature. LV-OOA was the most dominant OA type (organic mass fraction IQR: 49 %, 62 %, and 73 %). The seasonal cycle of LV-OOA was bimodal, with peaks both in summer and in February. We associated the wintertime LV-OOA with anthropogenic sources and assumed biogenic influence in LV-OOA formation in summer. Through a brief trajectory analysis, we estimated summertime natural LV-OOA formation of tens of ngm 3 h 1 over the boreal forest. SV-OOA was the second highest contributor to OA mass (organic mass fraction IQR: 19 %, 31 %, and 43 %). Due to SV-OOA's clear peak in summer, we estimate biogenic processes as the main drivers in its formation. Unlike for LV-OOA, the highest SV-OOA concentrations were detected in stable summertime nocturnal surface layers. Two nearby sawmills also played a significant role in SV-OOA production as also exemplified by previous studies at SMEAR II. POA, taken as a mix of two different OA types reported previously, hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and biomass burning OA (BBOA), made up a minimal OA mass fraction (IQR: 2 %, 6 %, and 13 %). Notably, the quantification of POA at SMEAR II using ACSM data was not possible following existing rolling PMF methodologies. Both POA organic mass fraction and mass concentration peaked in winter. Its appearance at SMEAR II was linked to strong southerly winds. Similar wind direction and speed dependence was not observed among other OA types. The high wind speeds probably enabled the POA transport to SMEAR II from faraway sources in a relatively fresh state. In the event of slower wind speeds, POA likely evaporated and/or aged into oxidized organic aerosol before detection. The POA organic mass fraction was significantly lower than reported by aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements 2 to 4 years prior to the ACSM measurements. While the co-located long-term measurements of black carbon supported the hypothesis of higher POA loadings prior to year 2012, it is also possible that short-term (POA) pollution plumes were averaged out due to the slow time resolution of the ACSM combined with the further 3 h data averaging needed to ensure good signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Despite the length of the ACSM data set, we did not focus on quantifying long-term trends of POA (nor other components) due to the high sensitivity of OA composition to meteorological anomalies, the occurrence of which is likely not normally distributed over the 8-year measurement period. Due to the unique and realistic seasonal cycles and meteorology dependences of the independent OA subtypes complemented by the reasonably low degree of unexplained OA variability, we believe that the presented data analysis approach performs well. Therefore, we hope that these results encourage also other researchers possessing several-yearlong time series of similar data to tackle the data analysis via similar semi- or unsupervised machine-learning approaches. This way the presented method could be further optimized and its usability explored and evaluated also in other environments.Peer reviewe

Novel Data Acquisition System for Silicon Tracking Detectors

We have developed a novel data acquisition system for measuring tracking parameters of a silicon detector in a particle beam. The system is based on a commercial Analog-to-Digital VME module and a PC Linux based Data Acquisition System. This DAQ is realized with C++ code using object-oriented techniques. Track parameters for the beam particles were reconstructed using off-line analysis code and automatic detector position alignment algorithm. The new DAQ was used to test novel Czochralski type silicon detectors. The important silicon detector parameters, including signal size distributions and signal to noise distributions, were successfully extracted from the detector under study. The efficiency of the detector was measured to be 95 %, the resolution about 10 micrometers, and the signal to noise ratio about 10.Comment: Talk from the 2003 Computing in High Energy and Nuclear Physics (CHEP03), La Jolla, Ca, USA, March 2003, 6 pages, LaTeX, 5 eps figures. PSN TUGP00

Interaction between Bacteriophage DMS3 and Host CRISPR Region Inhibits Group Behaviors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bacteriophage infection has profound effects on bacterial biology. Clustered regular interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and cas (CRISPR-associated) genes are found in most archaea and many bacteria and have been reported to play a role in resistance to bacteriophage infection. We observed that lysogenic infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 with bacteriophage DMS3 inhibits biofilm formation and swarming motility, both important bacterial group behaviors. This inhibition requires the CRISPR region in the host. Mutation or deletion of five of the six cas genes and one of the two CRISPRs in this region restored biofilm formation and swarming to DMS3 lysogenized strains. Our observations suggest a role for CRISPR regions in modifying the effects of lysogeny on P. aeruginosa