Ultrahigh energy neutrino scattering: an update

We update our estimates of charged and neutral current neutrino total cross sections on isoscalar nucleons at ultrahigh energies using a global (x, Q^2) fit, motivated by the Froissart bound, to the F_2 (electron-proton) structure function utilizing the most recent analysis of the complete ZEUS and H1 data sets from HERA I. Using the large Q^2, small Bjorken-x limits of the "wee" parton model, we connect the ultrahigh energy neutrino cross sections directly to the large Q^2, small-x extrapolation of our new fit, which we assume saturates the Froissart bound. We compare both to our previous work, which utilized only the smaller ZEUS data set, as well as to recent results of a calculation using the ZEUS-S based global perturbative QCD parton distributions using the combined HERA I results as input. Our new results substantiate our previous conclusions, again predicting significantly smaller cross sections than those predicted by extrapolating pQCD calculations to neutrino energies above 10^9 GeV.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure, 3 table

Decoupling the coupled DGLAP evolution equations: an analytic solution to pQCD

Using Laplace transform techniques, along with newly-developed accurate numerical inverse Laplace transform algorithms, we decouple the solutions for the singlet structure function $F_s(x,Q^2)$ and $G(x,Q^2)$ of the two leading-order coupled singlet DGLAP equations, allowing us to write fully decoupled solutions: F_s(x,Q^2)={\cal F}_s(F_{s0}(x), G_0(x)), G(x,Q^2)={\cal G}(F_{s0}(x), G_0(x)). Here ${\cal F}_s$ and $\cal G$ are known functions---found using the DGLAP splitting functions---of the functions $F_{s0}(x) \equiv F_s(x,Q_0^2)$ and $G_{0}(x) \equiv G(x,Q_0^2)$, the chosen starting functions at the virtuality $Q_0^2$. As a proof of method, we compare our numerical results from the above equations with the published MSTW LO gluon and singlet $F_s$ distributions, starting from their initial values at $Q_0^2=1 GeV^2$. Our method completely decouples the two LO distributions, at the same time guaranteeing that both distributions satisfy the singlet coupled DGLAP equations. It furnishes us with a new tool for readily obtaining the effects of the starting functions (independently) on the gluon and singlet structure functions, as functions of both $Q^2$ and $Q_0^2$. In addition, it can also be used for non-singlet distributions, thus allowing one to solve analytically for individual quark and gluon distributions values at a given $x$ and $Q^2$, with typical numerical accuracies of about 1 part in $10^5$, rather than having to evolve numerically coupled integral-differential equations on a two-dimensional grid in $x, Q^2$, as is currently done.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure

Age-related changes in afferent pathways and urothelial function in the male mouse bladder

Key points •The prevalence of bladder conditions such as overactive bladder syndrome and urinary incontinence significantly increases with age, but how bladder function is altered by ageing is unclear. •Sensory nerves together with the epithelial lining of the bladder known as the urothelium play a key role in mediating bladder function. •In aged male mice we find a significant increase in natural bladder voiding, augmented afferent nerve firing during bladder filling and a significant increase in urothelial responses to purinergic receptor stimulation. •This suggests that with ageing there is increased purinergic transmission in the mouse bladder which may lead to increased sensation and result in bladder hypersensitivity. •These findings help us better understand how the function of the bladder may be affected by advancing age. Abstract The prevalence of lower urinary tract storage disorders such as overactive bladder syndrome and urinary incontinence significantly increase with age. Previous studies have demonstrated age-related changes in detrusor function and urothelial transmitter release but few studies have investigated how the urothelium and sensory pathways are affected. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ageing on urothelial-afferent signalling in the mouse bladder. Three-month-old control and 24-month-old aged male mice were used. In vivo natural voiding behaviour, sensory nerve activity, urothelial cell function, muscle contractility, transmitter release and gene and protein expression were measured to identify how all three components of the bladder (neural, contractile and urothelial) are affected by ageing. In aged mice, increased voiding frequency and enhanced low threshold afferent nerve activity was observed, suggesting that ageing induces overactivity and hypersensitivity of the bladder. These changes were concurrent with altered ATP and acetylcholine bioavailability, measured as transmitter overflow into the lumen, increased purinergic receptor sensitivity and raised P2X3 receptor expression in the urothelium. Taken together, these data suggest that ageing results in aberrant urothelial function, increased afferent mechanosensitivity, increased smooth muscle contractility, and changes in gene and protein expression (including of P2X3). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that ageing evokes changes in purinergic signalling from the bladder, and further studies are now required to fully validate this idea

Applications of the leading-order Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi evolution equations to the combined HERA data on deep inelastic scattering

We recently derived explicit solutions of the leading-order Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi (DGLAP) equations for the $Q^2$ evolution of the singlet structure function $F_s(x,Q^2)$ and the gluon distribution $G(x,Q^2)$ using very efficient Laplace transform techniques. We apply our results here to a study of the HERA data on deep inelastic $ep$ scattering as recently combined by the H1 and ZEUS groups. We use initial distributions $F_2^{\gamma p}(x,Q_0^2)$ and $G(x,Q_0^2)$ fixed by a global fit to the HERA data. From $F_2^{\gamma p}(x,Q_0^2)$ we obtain the singlet quark distribution $F_s(x,Q_0^2)$---using small non-singlet quark distributions taken from either the CTEQ6L or the MSTW2008LO analyses---evolve to arbitrary $Q^2$, and then convert the results to individual quark distributions. Finally, we show directly from a study of systematic trends in a comparison of the evolved $F_2^{\gamma p}(x,Q^2)$ with the HERA data, that the assumption of leading-order DGLAP evolution is inconsistent with those data.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures, version accepted for publication in PR

Unwinding of a cholesteric liquid crystal and bidirectional surface anchoring

We examine the influence of bidirectional anchoring on the unwinding of a planar cholesteric liquid crystal induced by the application of a magnetic field. We consider a liquid crystal layer confined between two plates with the helical axis perpendicular to the substrates. We fixed the director twist on one boundary and allow for bidirectional anchoring on the other by introducing a high-order surface potential. By minimizing the total free energy for the system, we investigate the untwisting of the cholesteric helix as the liquid crystal attempts to align with the magnetic field. The transitions between metastable states occur as a series of pitchjumps as the helix expels quarter or half-turn twists, depending on the relative sizes of the strength of the surface potential and the bidirectional anchoring. We show that secondary easy axis directions can play a significant role in the unwinding of the cholesteric in its transition towards a nematic, especially when the surface anchoring strength is large

Ejaculatory Failure after Unilateral Neurolytic Celiac Plexus Block

Abdominal pain associated with chronic pancreatitis is often difficult to control with analgesics and can be severely debilitating with significant impairment of quality of life. In these patients, neurolytic celiac plexus block (NCPB) is an effective treatment option with a low complication rate. However, there is a risk of ejaculatory failure after NCPB, which may be a problem in patients with a long life expectancy. We report a case of ejaculatory failure after unilateral NCPB in a patient with chronic pancreatitis