16 research outputs found
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Integrating institutional logics into ethical leadership: a cross-level process model
Although there is promising potential for incorporating institutional logics to understanding ethical leadership, the dynamics and integrative mechanisms for doing so remain a major gap in the current literature. This paper offers a holistic and comprehensive framework for integrating institutional logics into ethical leadership, which is the cross-level process model. We offer three phases in explaining the mechanisms. Phase 1 focuses on institutionalisation phase (macro to micro) where the culturally embedded institutional orders such as family, religion, state, market, profession and community can provide reference points for the sensemaking choices and actions of individuals. Phase 2 subsequently focuses on problematisation phase (micro to micro and micro to macro) where it explains how leaders activate associated institutional logics and make sense of them to make ethical decisions and mobalisations. The final stage - Phase 3 focuses on adaptation phase (macro to macro) in which the ethical practices can lead to institutional change and stability. Detailed analysis of these stages and cross-cultural implications are offered
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Mapping the phylogeny and lineage history of geographically distinct BCG vaccine strains.
The bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been in use for prevention of tuberculosis for over a century. It remains the only widely available tuberculosis vaccine and its protective efficacy has varied across geographical regions. Since it was developed, the BCG vaccine strain has been shared across different laboratories around the world, where use of differing culture methods has resulted in genetically distinct strains over time. Whilst differing BCG vaccine efficacy around the world is well documented, and the reasons for this may be multifactorial, it has been hypothesized that genetic differences in BCG vaccine strains contribute to this variation. Isolates from an historic archive of lyophilized BCG strains were regrown, DNA was extracted and then whole-genome sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technologies. The resulting whole-genome data were plotted on a phylogenetic tree and analysed to identify the presence or absence of regions of difference (RDs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) relating to virulence, growth and cell wall structure. Of 50 strains available, 36 were revived in culture and 39 were sequenced. Morphology differed between the strains distributed before and after 1934. There was phylogenetic association amongst certain geographically classified strains, most notably BCG-Russia, BCG-Japan and BCG-Danish. RD2, RD171 and RD713 deletions were associated with late strains (seeded after 1927). When mapped to BCG-Pasteur 1172, the SNPs in sigK, plaA, mmaA3 and eccC5 were associated with early strains. Whilst BCG-Russia, BCG-Japan and BCG-Danish showed strong geographical isolate clustering, the late strains, including BCG-Pasteur, showed more variation. A wide range of SNPs were seen within geographically classified strains, and as much intra-strain variation as between-strain variation was seen. The date of distribution from the original Pasteur laboratory (early pre-1927 or late post-1927) gave the strongest association with genetic differences in regions of difference and virulence-related SNPs, which agrees with the previous literature
Evaluation of Candidate Stromal Epithelial Cross-Talk Genes Identifies Association between Risk of Serous Ovarian Cancer and TERT, a Cancer Susceptibility “Hot-Spot”
We hypothesized that variants in genes expressed as a consequence of interactions between ovarian cancer cells and the host micro-environment could contribute to cancer susceptibility. We therefore used a two-stage approach to evaluate common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 173 genes involved in stromal epithelial interactions in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC). In the discovery stage, cases with epithelial ovarian cancer (n = 675) and controls (n = 1,162) were genotyped at 1,536 SNPs using an Illumina GoldenGate assay. Based on Positive Predictive Value estimates, three SNPs—PODXL rs1013368, ITGA6 rs13027811, and MMP3 rs522616—were selected for replication using TaqMan genotyping in up to 3,059 serous invasive cases and 8,905 controls from 16 OCAC case-control studies. An additional 18 SNPs with Pper-allele<0.05 in the discovery stage were selected for replication in a subset of five OCAC studies (n = 1,233 serous invasive cases; n = 3,364 controls). The discovery stage associations in PODXL, ITGA6, and MMP3 were attenuated in the larger replication set (adj. Pper-allele≥0.5). However genotypes at TERT rs7726159 were associated with ovarian cancer risk in the smaller, five-study replication study (Pper-allele = 0.03). Combined analysis of the discovery and replication sets for this TERT SNP showed an increased risk of serous ovarian cancer among non-Hispanic whites [adj. ORper-allele 1.14 (1.04–1.24) p = 0.003]. Our study adds to the growing evidence that, like the 8q24 locus, the telomerase reverse transcriptase locus at 5p15.33, is a general cancer susceptibility locus
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The Perception of Ethical Leadership in Vietnamese Managers Working In MNC Subsidiaries in Vietnam
Research on ethical leadership (EL) has burgeoned in recent years due to high-profile ethical scandals in some of the world’s largest organisations. A closer examination into the institutional influences remains limited. Mainstream research tends to view EL as static phenomenon that can be solved by applying a set of empirically best practices. The purpose of this study is to inquire into how EL is thought about and practiced by managerial leaders in MNCs subsidiaries and what the institutional factors are that influence these. Data was collected from Vietnamese managerial leaders working in MNC subsidiaries in the manufacturing sector. The findings indicate that when faced with a set of competing institutional logics, Vietnamese managers tend to activate their personal ethical reference system when making ethical decisions. Both the theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed