XXXV. On the motion of glaciers

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Спосіб одержання моноацилгліцеролів алкоголізом жирів

Спосіб одержання моноацилгліцеролів алкоголізом жирів, причому процес має дві стадії, на першій з яких проходить каталітичний етаноліз жирів, а на другій стадії проходить гліцероліз одержаних етилових ефірів жирних кислот, при безперервній відгонці етанолу

Longitudinal study of the effects of teat condition on the risk of new intramammary infections in dairy cows

Machine milking–induced alterations of teat tissue may impair local defense mechanisms and increase the risk of new intramammary infections. The objective of the current study was to assess the influence of short-term and long-term alterations of teat tissue and infectious status of the udder quarter on the risk of naturally occurring new intramammary infections, inflammatory responses, and mastitis. Short-term and long-term changes in teat condition of right udder quarters of 135 cows of a commercial dairy farm in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, were recorded monthly for 10 mo using simple classification schemes. Quarter milk samples were collected from all examined quarters at each farm visit. Bacteriological culture results and somatic cell counts of quarter milk samples were used to determine new inflammatory responses (increase from ≤100,000 cells/mL to >100,000 cells/mL between 2 samples), new infections (detection of a pathogen from a quarter that was free of the same pathogen at the preceding sampling), and new mastitis (combination of new inflammatory response and new infection). Separate Poisson mixed models for new inflammatory responses, new infections, and new mastitis caused by specific pathogens or groups of pathogens (contagious, environmental, major, minor, or any) were used to estimate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Data preparation and parameter estimation were performed using the open source statistical analysis software R. We observed no effect of any variable describing teat condition on the risk of new intramammary infections, inflammatory responses, or mastitis. Intramammary infections of the same udder quarter in the preceding month did not affect risk either

Assessing deficit irrigation strategies for corn using simulation

Citation: Kisekka, I., Aguilar, J. P., Rogers, D. H., Holman, J., O'Brien, D. M., & Klocke, N. (2016). Assessing deficit irrigation strategies for corn using simulation. Transactions of the Asabe, 59(1), 303-317. doi:10.13031/trans.59.11206Declining groundwater levels in the Ogallala aquifer due to withdrawals exceeding annual recharge result in diminished well capacities that eventually become incapable of meeting full crop water needs. Producers need recommendations for deficit irrigation strategies that can maximize net returns in most years under low well capacities. The objectives of this study were to (1) calibrate and validate the CERES-Maize model in DSSAT-CSM v4.6 under southwest Kansas soils and climatic conditions and (2) apply the calibrated model to assess three factors related to irrigation management: (i) the optimum plant-available water threshold to initiate irrigation for maximizing net returns, (ii) the effect of percentage soil water depletion at planting on yield, seasonal transpiration, water productivity, extractable soil water at maturity, and net returns, and (iii) the effect of late irrigation season termination on extractable soil water at physiological maturity, yield, and net returns. The CERES-Maize model in DSSAT-CSM v4.6 in conjunction with short-term experimental data and 63 years (1950 to 2013) of historical weather data were used in this study. The calibrated model was able to predict end of season grain yield with acceptable accuracy (NSE > 0.9, 0.13 < %RMSE < 0.19), indicating that the model could be used for assessing alternative management strategies for optimizing the use of limited water for irrigating corn in southwest Kansas. Irrigation scheduling based on a 50% plant-available water threshold maximized net returns compared to initiating irrigation at greater soil water content at corn prices ranging from $0.10 to$0.26 kg-1. Accounting for inter-annual variations in weather and irrigation downtime due to repairs, 14 to 17 irrigation applications of 25 mm of water each would be needed to maintain soil water at 50% of plant-available water during the season. Having soil water in the top 1.2 m of the soil profile between 0% and 25% depleted at planting maximized net returns, although it also resulted in more extractable soil water at physiological maturity. Terminating irrigation 90 or 95 days after planting depending on corn price maximized net returns and resulted in the lowest amount of extractable soil water at physiological maturity, implying that opportunities exist to mine stored soil water toward the end of the season even under deficit irrigation. We recommend that late season irrigation termination be done in conjunction with soil water monitoring and management- allowable depletion techniques to minimize potential reduction in yields. Before adopting any of the management strategies assessed in this study, producers should consider the unique yield potential constraints for their farm. The concepts explored in this analysis, which combined experimental data, computer simulation, and long-term weather data to generate optimum management recommendations, could be applied in other areas with constrained water supplies for irrigation. © 2016 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers

Proceedings of the 24th annual Central Plains irrigation conference

Presented at Proceedings of the 24th annual Central Plains irrigation conference held on February 21-22 in Colby, Kansas.Includes bibliographical references

Early development and tuning of a global coupled cloud resolving model, and its fast response to increasing CO2

Since the dawn of functioning numerical dynamical atmosphere- and ocean models, their resolution has steadily increased, fed by an exponential growth in computational capabilities. However, because resolution of models is at all times limited by computational power a number of mostly small-scale or micro-scale processes have to be parameterised. Particularly those of atmospheric moist convection and ocean eddies are problematic when scientists seek to interpret output from model experiments. Here we present the first coupled ocean-atmosphere model experiments with sufficient resolution to dispose of moist convection and ocean eddy parameterisations. We describe the early development and discuss the challenges associated with conducting the simulations with a focus on tuning the global mean radiation balance in order to limit drifts. A four-month experiment with quadrupled CO2 is then compared with a ten-member ensemble of low-resolution simulations using MPI-ESM1.2-LR. We find broad similarities of the response, albeit with a more diversified spatial pattern with both stronger and weaker regional warming, as well as a sharpening of precipitation in the inter tropical convergence zone. These early results demonstrate that it is already now possible to learn from such coupled model experiments, even if short by nature

Research on Layer Manufacturing Techniques at Fraunhofer

Within the German Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, the Fraunhofer Alliance Rapid Prototyping unites the competences of 12 institutes in the field of solid freeform fabrication. Covered competences are virtual and computer-aided product planning methods and techniques, the development and integration of materials and processes for different industrial sectors. This paper presents actual research results on layer manufacturing within the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft based on examples from Fraunhofer ILT »Laser Melting - Direct manufacturing of metal parts with unique properties«, Fraunhofer IFAM »ecoMold - A novel concept to produce molds for plastic injection molding and pressure die casting« and Fraunhofer IPT »Quick manufacture, repair and modification of steel molds using Controlled Metal Build Up (CMB)«.Mechanical Engineerin

Investigation on the International State of the Art of Micro Production Technology

The study “microPRO” dealing with the international state of the art of micro production technology was conducted by the above named Institutes. The objective of this study was to determine the worldwide state-of-the-art technology and research in micro production technology by means of scientific investigations and technical discussions with the technology leaders and, based on this, to identify the required research and development as well as the future potentials of these technologies in view of the market-overlapping economic utilization of miniaturized products