Vapauttavat rajat - Näyttelijän ele näyttelijäntyötä muotoilevana rajoitteena Hanno Eskolan ohjaamassa ja käsikirjoittamassa esityksessä Rougé Dérangée, Tampereen Yliopisto 2012

Tutkin työssäni rajoitetta ohjaajan ja näyttelijän työkaluna, purkamalla esiin fyysisiä näyttelijäntyön tekniikoita ohjaaja Hanno Eskolan Rouge Dérangée-teoksesta (2012, Tampereen yliopisto) ja kahdesta sen näyttelijäsuorituksesta. Esityksen näyttelijöistä haastattelin näyttelijä Johanna Kuuvaa ja näyttelijä Maiju-Riina Huttusta. Tarkoitan rajoitteella muun muassa fyysisiä tekniikoita ja niiden osia, joiden avulla näyttelijäntyötä voi muotoilla esteettisesti, tekemällä valintoja lavalle päätyvän ilmaisun suhteen. Tutkimusmenetelmänä olen käyttänyt teemahaastatteluja, sekä alaan liittyvää kirjallisuutta. Tutkimukseni on laadullinen tutkimus jota puran sisällönanalyysillä. Erika Fisher-Lichten, Robert Cohenin, Maya Tångeberg-Grischinin, Mia Pätsin sekä Yoshi Oidan teokset ovat toimineet keskeisimpänä lähdeaineistonani. Olen tutustunut myös Harri Veivon ja Tomi Huttusen kirjaan semiotiikasta, koska Hanno Eskolan teatteri liittyy hänen omien sanojensa mukaan vahvasti semiotiikkaan. Eskolalle näyttelijäntyö on suurelta osin merkkikieltä. Hanno Eskolan teatterissa eleiden tasolla esitetään tekstin lisäksi runsaasti merkkejä. Osoitan työssäni, että rajoitteen käsite sopii ohjaajan ajattelun työkaluksi hyvin. Se kuvaa asioita jotka voivat vaikuttaa näyttelijäntyöhön laajemmin, kuin yleensä lähes samassa merkityksessä käytettävät käsitteet este (Robert Cohen), merkkilippu (Robert Cohen), näyttelijän tehtävä (Konstantin Stanislavski), sekä muut vastaavat käsitteet. Laajasti käsitettynä näyttelijäntyöllisen rajoite-työkalun avulla näyttelijäntyötä voi purkaa pieniin osatekijöihin. Näistä voidaan kommunikoida ohjaajan sekä näyttelijän välillä. Näyttelijän rajoitteina voivat toimia tarkoituksella valitut rajoitteet. Näyttelijän rajoitteina voivat toimia myös tahattomat tai väistämättömät rajoitteet. Näyttelijän rajoitteet ovat aina psykofyysisiä ja ilmenevät tavalla tai toisella sekä näyttelijän mielessä, että kehossa. Samaan aikaan valitut, tai näyttelijän suorituksessa ilmenevät rajoitteet alkavat muotoilla sitä, mitä muut näyttelijät tekevät, esimerkiksi suhtautumistapana rajoitetta tekevään näyttelijään. Näin ne alkavat toimia rajoitteina myös näyttelijäryhmälle. Rajoitteet ovat myös ihmisten välisiä. Ne voivat olla myös suhteessa yleisöön, tilaan ja esimerkiksi valoihin. Osa rajoitteista on valittu, tai tullut mukaan jo kauan ennen esityshetkeä. Usein ohjaajille ja näyttelijöille vakiintuu heidän työskennellessään tietyt käsitteet, jotka merkitsevät tiettyjä sisältöjä. Nämä voivat vaihdella eri ohjaajilla. Jatkossa voisikin olla paikallaan pohtia ainakin ohjaajien ja näyttelijöiden välistä kommunikaatiota. Toisaalta myös näyttelijäntyön hienovireiset nyanssit voisivat olla mielenkiintoisia tutkimuskohteita. Tutkimuskohteita voisivat olla lisäksi monet muut näyttelijäntyön tekniikat (tempo, aksentti ja niin edelleen), jotka ovat yhteisiä eri tyylilajeille ja joiden avulla tyylilajeja hallitaan. Rajoitteen ideaan liittyy paradoksi. Raja sekä kahlitsee, että vapauttaa. Rajoite yhtä aikaa sulkee pois valintoja, mutta myös mahdollistaa yhä uusia valintoja, koska aina voi valita jotakin, sovitunkin muodon puitteissa

Lasten ja nuorten syömishäiriöt lisääntyneet ja oireilu vaikeutunut korona-aikana

Verkossa ensin

Adolescent psychiatric outpatient care rapidly switched to remote visits during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background The COVID-19-pandemic and especially the physical distancing measures drastically changed the conditions for providing outpatient care in adolescent psychiatry. Methods We investigated the outpatient services of adolescent psychiatry in the Helsinki University Hospital (HUH) from 1/1/2015 until 12/31/2020. We retrieved data from the in-house data software on the number of visits in total and categorized as in-person or remote visits, and analysed the data on a weekly basis. We further analysed these variables grouped according to the psychiatric diagnoses coded for visits. Data on the number of patients and on referrals from other health care providers were available on a monthly basis. We investigated the data descriptively and with a time-series analysis comparing the pre-pandemic period to the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results The total number of visits decreased slightly at the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spring 2020. Remote visits sharply increased starting in 3/2020 and remained at a high level compared with previous years. In-person visits decreased in Spring 2020, but gradually increased afterwards. The number of patients transiently fell in Spring 2020. Conclusions Rapid switch to remote visits in outpatient care of adolescent psychiatry made it possible to avoid a drastic drop in the number of visits despite the physical distancing measures during the COVID-19 pandemic.Peer reviewe

Transforming Growth Factor-β Induces Collagenase-3 Expression by Human Gingival Fibroblasts via p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase

Human collagenase-3 (matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13)) is characterized by exceptionally wide substrate specificity and restricted tissue specific expression. Human skin fibroblasts in culture express MMP-13 only when they are in three-dimensional collagen (Ravanti, L., Heino, J., Lopez-Otin, C., and Kahari. V.-M. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 2446-2455). Here we show that MMP-13 is expressed by fibroblasts during normal human gingival wound repair. Expression of MMP-13 by human gingival fibroblasts cultured in monolayer or in collagen gel was induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). Treatment of gingival fibroblasts with TGF-beta1 activated two distinct mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs): extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in 15 min and p38 MAPK in 1 and 2 h. Induction of MMP-13 expression by TGF-beta1 was blocked by SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, but not by PD98059, a selective inhibitor of ERK1/2 activation. Adenovirus-mediated expression of dominant negative p38alpha and c-Jun potently inhibited induction of MMP-13 expression in gingival fibroblasts by TGF-beta1. Infection of gingival fibroblasts with adenovirus for constitutively active MEK1 resulted in activation of ERK1/2 and JNK1 and up-regulation of collagenase-1 (MMP-1) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) production but did not induce MMP-13 expression. In addition, activation of p38 MAPK by constitutively active MKK6b or MKK3b was not sufficient to induce MMP-13 expression. These results show that TGF-beta-elicited induction of MMP-13 expression by gingival fibroblasts is dependent on the activity of p38 MAPK and the presence of functional AP-1 dimers. These observations demonstrate a fundamental difference in the regulation of collagenolytic capacity between gingival and dermal fibroblasts and suggest a role for MMP-13 in rapid turnover of collagenous matrix during repair of gingival wounds, which heal with minimal scarring

Induction of stable human FOXP3⁺ Tregs by a parasite-derived TGF-β mimic

Immune homeostasis in the intestine is tightly controlled by FOXP3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs), defects of which are linked to the development of chronic conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). As a mechanism of immune evasion, several species of intestinal parasites boost Treg activity. The parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus is known to secrete a molecule (Hp-TGM) that mimics the ability of TGF-β to induce FOXP3 expression in CD4 + T cells. The study aimed to investigate whether Hp-TGM could induce human FOXP3 + Tregs as a potential therapeutic approach for inflammatory diseases. CD4 + T cells from healthy volunteers were expanded in the presence of Hp-TGM or TGF-β. Treg induction was measured by flow cytometric detection of FOXP3 and other Treg markers, such as CD25 and CTLA-4. Epigenetic changes were detected using ChIP-Seq and pyrosequencing of FOXP3. Treg phenotype stability was assessed following inflammatory cytokine challenge and Treg function was evaluated by cellular co-culture suppression assays and cytometric bead arrays for secreted cytokines. Hp-TGM efficiently induced FOXP3 expression (&gt; 60%), in addition to CD25 and CTLA-4, and caused epigenetic modification of the FOXP3 locus to a greater extent than TGF-β. Hp-TGM-induced Tregs had superior suppressive function compared with TGF-β-induced Tregs, and retained their phenotype following exposure to inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, Hp-TGM induced a Treg-like phenotype in in vivo differentiated Th1 and Th17 cells, indicating its potential to re-program memory cells to enhance immune tolerance. These data indicate Hp-TGM has potential to be used to generate stable human FOXP3 + Tregs to treat IBD and other inflammatory diseases. </p

Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Variants-Of-Concern Six Months after the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants has raised concern about increased transmissibility, infectivity, and immune evasion from a vaccine and infection-induced immune responses. Although COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have proven to be highly effective against severe COVID-19 disease, the decrease in vaccine efficacy against emerged Beta and Delta variants emphasizes the need for constant monitoring of new virus lineages and studies on the persistence of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies. To analyze the dynamics of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-induced antibody responses, we followed 52 health care workers in Finland for 6 months after receiving two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine with a 3-week interval. We demonstrate that, although anti-S1 antibody levels decrease 2.3-fold compared to peak antibody levels, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies persist for months after BNT162b2 vaccination. Variants D614G, Alpha, and Eta are neutralized by sera of 100% of vaccinees, whereas neutralization of Delta is 3.8-fold reduced and neutralization of Beta is 5.8-fold reduced compared to D614G. Despite this reduction, 85% of sera collected 6 months postvaccination neutralizes Delta variant. IMPORTANCE A decrease in vaccine efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants has increased the importance of assessing the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteinspecific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies. Our data show that after 6 months post two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, antibody levels decrease yet remain detectable and capable of neutralizing emerging variants. By monitoring the vaccine-induced antibody responses, vaccination strategies and administration of booster doses can be optimized.Peer reviewe

Comparative analysis of COVID-19 vaccine responses and third booster dose-induced neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants

Vaccination shows efficacy in protecting from COVID-19, but regime and dosing optimization is still ongoing. Here the authors show that BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or their combination with ChAdOx1 induces similar antibody responses, and those receiving three doses of BNT162b2 induce neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant. Two COVID-19 mRNA (of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273) and two adenovirus vector vaccines (ChAdOx1 and Janssen) are licensed in Europe, but optimization of regime and dosing is still ongoing. Here we show in health care workers (n = 328) that two doses of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or a combination of ChAdOx1 adenovirus vector and mRNA vaccines administrated with a long 12-week dose interval induce equally high levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against D614 and Delta variant. By contrast, two doses of BNT162b2 with a short 3-week interval induce 2-3-fold lower titers of neutralizing antibodies than those from the 12-week interval, yet a third BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 booster dose increases the antibody levels 4-fold compared to the levels after the second dose, as well as induces neutralizing antibody against Omicron BA.1 variant. Our data thus indicates that a third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine may induce cross-protective neutralizing antibodies against multiple variants.Peer reviewe

COVID-19 mRNA vaccine induced antibody responses against three SARS-CoV-2 variants

As SARS-CoV-2 has been circulating for over a year, dozens of vaccine candidates are under development or in clinical use. The BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine induces spike protein-specific neutralizing antibodies associated with protective immunity. The emergence of the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants has raised concerns of reduced vaccine efficacy and increased re-infection rates. Here we show, that after the second dose, the sera of BNT162b2-vaccinated health care workers (n=180) effectively neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 variant with the D614G substitution and the B.1.1.7 variant, whereas the neutralization of the B.1.351 variant is five-fold reduced. Despite the reduction, 92% of the seronegative vaccinees have a neutralization titre of >20 for the B.1.351 variant indicating some protection. The vaccinees' neutralization titres exceeded those of recovered non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Our work provides evidence that the second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine induces cross-neutralization of at least some of the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants contain mutations in the spike protein that may affect vaccine efficacy. Here, Jalkanen et al. show, using sera from 180 BNT162b2-vaccinated health care workers, that neutralization of SARS-CoV2 variant B.1.1.7 is not affected, while neutralization of B.1.351 variant is five-fold reduced.Peer reviewe