Non-productive angiogenesis disassembles Aß plaque-associated blood vessels

The human Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain accumulates angiogenic markers but paradoxically, the cerebral microvasculature is reduced around Aß plaques. Here we demonstrate that angiogenesis is started near Aß plaques in both AD mouse models and human AD samples. However, endothelial cells express the molecular signature of non-productive angiogenesis (NPA) and accumulate, around Aß plaques, a tip cell marker and IB4 reactive vascular anomalies with reduced NOTCH activity. Notably, NPA induction by endothelial loss of presenilin, whose mutations cause familial AD and which activity has been shown to decrease with age, produced a similar vascular phenotype in the absence of Aß pathology. We also show that Aß plaque-associated NPA locally disassembles blood vessels, leaving behind vascular scars, and that microglial phagocytosis contributes to the local loss of endothelial cells. These results define the role of NPA and microglia in local blood vessel disassembly and highlight the vascular component of presenilin loss of function in AD

Overview of the instrumentation for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) embarked on an ambitious 5 yr survey in 2021 May to explore the nature of dark energy with spectroscopic measurements of 40 million galaxies and quasars. DESI will determine precise redshifts and employ the baryon acoustic oscillation method to measure distances from the nearby universe to beyond redshift z > 3.5, and employ redshift space distortions to measure the growth of structure and probe potential modifications to general relativity. We describe the significant instrumentation we developed to conduct the DESI survey. This includes: a wide-field, 3.°2 diameter prime-focus corrector; a focal plane system with 5020 fiber positioners on the 0.812 m diameter, aspheric focal surface; 10 continuous, high-efficiency fiber cable bundles that connect the focal plane to the spectrographs; and 10 identical spectrographs. Each spectrograph employs a pair of dichroics to split the light into three channels that together record the light from 360–980 nm with a spectral resolution that ranges from 2000–5000. We describe the science requirements, their connection to the technical requirements, the management of the project, and interfaces between subsystems. DESI was installed at the 4 m Mayall Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory and has achieved all of its performance goals. Some performance highlights include an rms positioner accuracy of better than 0.″1 and a median signal-to-noise ratio of 7 of the [O ii] doublet at 8 × 10−17 erg s−1 cm−2 in 1000 s for galaxies at z = 1.4–1.6. We conclude with additional highlights from the on-sky validation and commissioning, key successes, and lessons learned

The DUNE far detector vertical drift technology. Technical design report

DUNE is an international experiment dedicated to addressing some of the questions at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics, including the mystifying preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe. The dual-site experiment will employ an intense neutrino beam focused on a near and a far detector as it aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to make high-precision measurements of the PMNS matrix parameters, including the CP-violating phase. It will also stand ready to observe supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector implements liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) technology, and combines the many tens-of-kiloton fiducial mass necessary for rare event searches with the sub-centimeter spatial resolution required to image those events with high precision. The addition of a photon detection system enhances physics capabilities for all DUNE physics drivers and opens prospects for further physics explorations. Given its size, the far detector will be implemented as a set of modules, with LArTPC designs that differ from one another as newer technologies arise. In the vertical drift LArTPC design, a horizontal cathode bisects the detector, creating two stacked drift volumes in which ionization charges drift towards anodes at either the top or bottom. The anodes are composed of perforated PCB layers with conductive strips, enabling reconstruction in 3D. Light-trap-style photon detection modules are placed both on the cryostat's side walls and on the central cathode where they are optically powered. This Technical Design Report describes in detail the technical implementations of each subsystem of this LArTPC that, together with the other far detector modules and the near detector, will enable DUNE to achieve its physics goals

EFECTO DE BIOFERTILIZANTES EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DE LECHUGA

El trabajo de investigación se estableció en el campo experimental de la Facultad de Agrobiología “Presidente Juárez”, ubicado en Santa Rosa municipio de Uruapan Michoacán, el lugar reunía las características para llevar a cabo el experimento; el cual se llevó a cabo del 11 de septiembre al 23 de noviembre del 2009. Con el uso de biofertilizantes se pretende obtener buenas producciones del cultivo y además ofrecer al consumidor un producto que no atente contra su salud. En el experimento se establecieron dos variedades de lechuga (puebla y monte mar) sometidas una fertilización de fondo con lombriabono y al momento del trasplante se les aplicaron dos biofertilizantes (micorriza y Azospirillum) para comprobar su efectividad en el cultivo de la lechuga, durante el desarrollo del cultivo se hicieron técnicas y aplicaciones de productos autorizados en la agricultura orgánica; para la nutrición se hicieron aplicaciones de biofertilizante súper Magro, te de lombriabono, humus liquido y harina de rocas; para el control de plagas se colocaron trampas amarillas con melaza y aceite, además de aplicaciones de harina de trigo, Bacillus thuringiensis, extractos de cebolla y ajo; mientras que para el control de enfermedades se hizo una aplicación de Sulfocop- F de forma preventiva. El diseño experimental empleado fue de bloques al azar con arreglo en franjas y con tres repeticiones utilizando dos variedades de lechuga sometidas cada una a cuatro diferentes tratamientos; testigo; con micorriza; con Azospirillum y con micorriza mas Azospirillum. Para evaluar los resultados se considero la producción final, se registraron los datos de rendimiento en kilogramos por unidad experimental, posteriormente se convirtieron a t/ha ya obtenidos estos se sometieron a un análisis de varianza, mediante la prueba de Tukey. Con la variedad Monte Mar y el tratamiento con 10 g de micorriza se obtuvo la mayor producción de lechuga que fue de 26.60 t/ha. Al hacer la comparación de la producción obtenida en el experimento con relación a la producción obtenida de manera convencional en esta misma zona, se observa que el uso de biofertilizantes es bueno para la producción de lechuga para la zona mencionada