Lipogénesis y gluconeogénesis en el intestino delgado de pacientes con obesidad mórbida

La dislipemia y el incremento de la producción de glucosa endógena se encuentran asociados a la resistencia a la insulina y a la diabetes. Estudios recientes muestran el posible papel que el intestino delgado puede jugar en estas alteraciones metabólicas. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la relación existente entre la resistencia a la insulina y la lipogénesis de novo, la síntesis de quilomicrones y la gluconeogénesis en el yeyuno de pacientes obesos mórbidos. Así como evaluar el efecto de la glucosa, la insulina y la leptina en estos procesos. El estudio se llevó a cabo en 45 pacientes obesos mórbidos que fueron sometidos a una operación de cirugía bariátrica por la técnica RYGB. Los pacientes fueron clasificados en tres grupos en función del índice HOMA-IR y en función de la presencia de diabetes: 1. Obesos mórbidos con bajo índice HOMA-IR (n=15) 2. Obesos mórbidos con alto índice HOMA-IR (n=15) ambos grupos sin tratamiento para la diabetes, 3. Obesos mórbidos con diabetes que recibían tratamiento con metformina (n=15). Para la clasificación en función del índice HOMA-IR se utilizó como punto de corte el percentil 50 de la distribución de frecuencias del índice HOMA-IR en los obesos mórbidos sin diabetes. Durante la cirugía se les tomó una muestra de yeyuno para determinar el contenido de triglicéridos así como los niveles de ARNm de genes implicados en la lipogénesis de novo, la síntesis de quilomicrones y la gluconeogénesis. Además, se aislaron células epiteliales intestinales de 6 pacientes obesos mórbidos con bajo HOMA-IR para realizar distintas incubaciones con glucosa, insulina y leptina. Nuestros resultados muestran que la lámina propia del yeyuno de obesos mórbidos baja resistencia a la insulina presenta una mayor cantidad de lípidos neutros y de triglicéridos que el yeyuno de los obesos mórbidos con alta resistencia a la insulina y que los obesos mórbidos con diabetes medicados con metformina. Además la señal de apo B en el yeyuno de obesos mórbidos con baja resistencia a la insulina fue mayor que en los otros dos grupos estudiados. Una hipótesis para explicar esto podría ser que las lipoproteínas intestinales son transferidas más rápidamente hacia los vasos sanguíneos en el caso de los pacientes con alta resistencia a la insulina. El menor tamaño de estas lipoproteínas en estado de ayunas en estos pacientes con alta resistencia a la insulina podría explicar su menor acumulación en el intestino ya que atraviesan la barrera endotelial con mayor facilidad y por lo tanto no son retenidas en la lámina propia. Además nuestros resultados muestran que el yeyuno de pacientes obesos mórbidos con alta resistencia a la insulina presenta una disminución en los niveles de ARNm de los genes implicados en la síntesis de novo de ácidos grasos y un incremento de ARNm de los genes implicados en la síntesis de acetil-Coa, la síntesis de lipoproteínas y la gluconeogénesis, así como de genes implicados en la vía de señalización de la insulina. Este efecto se encuentra atenuado en los pacientes tratados con metformina. Además la expresión de los genes estudiados que participan en la lipogénesis de novo, en la síntesis de triglicéridos y quilomicrones, así como en la gluconeogénesis y en la señalización de la insulina se encuentran regulados por la glucosa y/o insulina y/o leptina en el yeyuno de los obesos mórbidos con baja resistencia a la insulina

Effect of Moderate Consumption of Different Phenolic-Content Beers on the Human Gut Microbiota Composition: A Randomized Crossover Trial

The moderate consumption of beer has been associated with positive effects on health, and these benefits are driven, in part, by the antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds found in this beverage. However, the potential impact of beer polyphenols on the human gut microbiome and their consequences are yet to be elucidated. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the effect of three different phenolic-content beers on the gut microbiome and the potential role of the induced shifts in the antioxidant capacity of beer polyphenols. In total, 20 subjects (10 healthy volunteers and 10 individuals with metabolic syndrome) were randomly assigned in a crossover design to consume each of the different beers (alcohol-free, lager or dark beer) during a 2-week intervention. Significant changes in the relative abundance of Streptococcaceae and Streptococcus were found after beer consumption. An increased abundance of Streptococcaceae and Streptococcus was observed after the consumption of dark beer, with no detected differences between baseline and alcohol-free/lager beer intervention. Moreover, some of the detected differences appeared to be related to the metabolic status. Finally, a decrease in porphyrin metabolism and heme biosynthesis was found after the intervention, especially after the consumption of dark beer. These results show that the antioxidant capacity of beer polyphenols may induce positive shifts in gut microbiota composition, and some of the observed changes may also boost the antioxidant capacity of these compoundsM.Q.-M. was supported by a Manuel de Oya Research fellowship from Foro para la Investigación de la Cerveza y Estilos de Vida (FICYE). I.M.-I. and C.G.-R. were supported by the Miguel Servet Type I program and P.R.-L. by the Sara Borrell program both of the Carlos III Health Institute (co-founded by the European Regional Development Fund-ERDF-) (CP16/00163, CP20/00066 and CD19/00216, respectively). In addition, this study was supported by the “Network of Centers for Biomedical Research” (CIBER) of the Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII) (CB06/03/0018), research grants from the ISCIII (PI18/01160, PI21/01677) and co-financed by the Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Partial funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málag

Insulin Requirement for Gestational Diabetes Control Is Related to Higher Vitamin D Levels up to 1 Year Postpartum: A Prospective Cohort Study

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in pregnant women and has been related to a higher risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The aim of this study is to analyze vitamin D status evolution in a population of pregnant women with and without GDM. Two-hundred women were included from January 2019 to February 2022 as follows: Control group -CG-, Lifestyle group -LG- (GDM not requiring insulin), and Insulin group -IG- (GDM requiring insulin). Visits were carried out at baseline, antenatal, postpartum, and 1 year after birth. Vitamin D levels, weight, and insulin resistance were measured at every visit. Data about the season, vitamin D supplementation, Mediterranean diet adherence, and physical activity were included. In the three groups, 134 women were included in the CG, 43 in the LG, and 23 in the IG. Vitamin D levels were similar among the groups at baseline, but they were significantly higher in the LG and IG in comparison with the CG at the antenatal visit and significantly higher in the IG vs. CG and LG at the postpartum and 1 year after birth visits. Vitamin D levels were independently related to vitamin D supplementation and the season at baseline, to the season and belonging to the LG or IG at the antenatal visit, and were only independently associated with belonging to the IG at postpartum and 1 year after birth visits. In conclusion, in our population, women with GDM requiring insulin had higher levels of vitamin D in comparison with those not requiring insulin and healthy controls at postpartum and 1 year after pregnancy. Requiring insulin during pregnancy seems to be a factor that independently determines the levels of vitamin D until 1 year after birth. More studies are required to reproduce these data in other populations and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these findings.This study was supported by the Juan Rodés program (JR20-00040 to MM-V) and by Miguel Servet Type I program (CP20/00066 to CG-R) from “Instituto de Salud Carlos III”. It was also supported by Nicolas Monardes Program from “Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Junta de Andalucía”, Spain (RC-0008-2021 to SM). In addition, this study was supported by the “Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red” (CIBER) of the Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII) (CB06/03/0018) and research grants from the ISCIII (PI18/01175 and PI21/01864). Partial funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málag

Epigenetic changes in the metabolically healthy obese: A case-control versus a prospective study

Obesity has become a worldwide health problem, in which latest statistics reported an increased trend over the last years. Accordingly, long-term obesity is involved in an increased risk of developing several metabolic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. Although it is common to find obesity-related disorders in the majority of individuals with obesity, some of them do not show metabolic complications.1 Obese people without these metabolic disorders are defined as metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) individuals, whereas those who present metabolic complications are known as metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) subjects.2 Importantly, the prevalence of this healthy phenotype varies widely, in which a correct diagnosis is critical for a good prognosis.2, 3 Nevertheless, the variability of this prevalence may be due to the nature of related-study designs and the studied populations or the confounding variables considered. Therefore, conducting appropriately designed studies to evaluate important clinical research questions is crucial, to elucidate the impact of MHO in the progression of detrimental obesity-related phenotypes.4 In this case, epigenetic arises as a valuable tool for clinical applications. Epigenetic mechanisms might be implicated in the regulation of several metabolic disorders.5 However, until now, only a few studies have been conducted to understand the epigenetic changes in individuals with MHO and MUO.6-8 Therefore, we hypothesized that epigenetic changes may be involved in the development and the transition from MHO to MUO phenotype. Consequently, the aim of this study was to analyze the epigenome-wide DNA methylation study in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) from participants with MHO and MUO, by using two study designs, such as case-control and prospective approaches.TMLP and CGR were supported by a grant from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FI19/00178 and CP20/00066, respectively). HB is supported by a predoctoral fellowship ("Plan Propio IBIMA 2020 A.1 Contratos predoctorales", Ref.: predoc20_002). SM, MMG and GRM are supported by Nicolas Monardes program from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (RC-0008-2021, RC-0001-2018 and C-0060-2012, respectively). EAL was recipient of a postdoctoral fellowship from regional Andalusian Government (Ref: 2020_DOC_00541). This work was supported in part by a grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI15-01350). This study has been co-funded by FEDER funds (“A way to make Europe”). CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) are ISCIII. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBU

Reflexiones sobre la brucelosis de la oveja

Postprint (published version

Ambient air pollution and thyroid function in Spanish adults. A nationwide population-based study ([email protected] study)

Background Recent reports have suggested that air pollution may impact thyroid function, although the evidence is still scarce and inconclusive. In this study we evaluated the association of exposure to air pollutants to thyroid function parameters in a nationwide sample representative of the adult population of Spain. Methods The [email protected] study is a national, cross-sectional, population-based survey which was conducted in 2008-2010 using a random cluster sampling of the Spanish population. The present analyses included 3859 individuals, without a previous thyroid disease diagnosis, and with negative thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO Abs) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels of 0.1-20 mIU/L. Participants were assigned air pollution concentrations for particulate matter <2.5 mu m (PM2.5) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), corresponding to the health examination year, obtained by means of modeling combined with measurements taken at air quality stations (CHIMERE chemistry-transport model). TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and TPO Abs concentrations were analyzed using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Modular Analytics E170 Roche). Results In multivariate linear regression models, there was a highly significant negative correlation between PM2.5 concentrations and both FT4 (p<0.001), and FT3 levels (p<0.001). In multivariate logistic regression, there was a significant association between PM2.5 concentrations and the odds of presenting high TSH [OR 1.24 (1.01-1.52) p=0.043], lower FT4 [OR 1.25 (1.02-1.54) p=0.032] and low FT3 levels [1.48 (1.19-1.84) p=<0.001] per each IQR increase in PM2.5 (4.86 mu g/m(3)). There was no association between NO2 concentrations and thyroid hormone levels. No significant heterogeneity was seen in the results between groups of men, pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women. Conclusions Exposures to PM2.5 in the general population were associated with mild alterations in thyroid function.CIBERDEM (Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad-ISCIII), Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad-ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI17/02136, PI20/01322), Consejeria de Salud y familias (PI-0144-2018), European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) "A way to build Europe". GRM belongs to the regional Nicolas Monardes research program of the Consejeria de Salud (RC-0006-2016; Junta de Andalucia, Spain). CMA is recipient of a "Rio Hortega" research contract (CM19/00186, Instituto de Salud Carlos III). VKDG is recipient of a "Rio Hortega" research contract (CM21/00214, Instituto de Salud Carlos III)

Proyecto, investigación e innovación en urbanismo, arquitectura y diseño industrial

Actas de congresoLas VII Jornadas de Investigación “Encuentro y Reflexión” y I Jornadas de Investigación de becarios y doctorandos. Proyecto, investigación e innovación en Urbanismo, Arquitectura y Diseño Industrial se centraron en cuatro ejes: el proyecto; la dimensión tecnológica y la gestión; la dimensión social y cultural y la enseñanza en Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño Industrial, sustentados en las líneas prioritarias de investigación definidas epistemológicamente en el Consejo Asesor de Ciencia y Tecnología de esta Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Con el objetivo de afianzar continuidad, formación y transferencia de métodos, metodología y recursos se incorporó becarios y doctorandos de los Institutos de investigación. La Comisión Honoraria la integraron las tres Secretarias de Investigación de la Facultad, arquitectas Marta Polo, quien fundó y María del Carmen Franchello y Nora Gutiérrez Crespo quienes continuaron la tradición de la buena práctica del debate en la cotidianeidad de la propia Facultad. Los textos que conforman las VII Jornadas son los avances y resultados de las investigaciones realizadas en el bienio 2016-2018.Fil: Novello, María Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Repiso, Luciana. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Mir, Guillermo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Brizuela, Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Herrera, Fernanda. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Períes, Lucas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Romo, Claudia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Gordillo, Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; ArgentinaFil: Andrade, Elena Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño; Argentin

Composition, nanostructure, and optical properties of silver and silver-copper lusters

Lusters are composite thin layers of coinage metal nanoparticles in glass displaying peculiar optical properties and obtained by a process involving ionic exchange, diffusion, and crystallization. In particular, the origin of the high reflectance (golden-shine) shown by those layers has been subject of some discussion. It has been attributed to either the presence of larger particles, thinner multiple layers or higher volume fraction of nanoparticles. The object of this paper is to clarify this for which a set of laboratory designed lusters are analysed by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Model calculations and numerical simulations using the finite difference time domain method were also performed to evaluate the optical properties. Finally, the correlation between synthesis conditions, nanostructure, and optical properties is obtained for these materials

Thyroid Function and Thyroid Autoimmunity in Relation to Weight Status and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: A Population-Based Study.

In obese subjects, slight increases have been observed in thyrotropin [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)] levels, but data in children are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether thyroid function and autoimmunity vary with weight status in a healthy population of children and adolescents and to determine whether hyperthyrotropinemia is associated with any cardiovascular risk factor. This cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in Almería (Spain) on a representative sample of 1317 healthy subjects aged 2-16 years. Thyroid function, thyroid autoimmunity and cardiovascular risk factors were measured. Chi-square test, analysis of variance and multiple linear regression were used in the statistical analyses. The obese children and adolescents had thyrotropin levels (mean ± standard deviation) of 3.12±2.44 mU/L. These levels were higher than those of overweight subjects (2.79±1.51 mU/L) and of normal weight subjects (2.73±1.30 mU/L) (p=0.02). Levels of free thyroxine and urinary iodine did not differ significantly between the groups. The prevalence (95% confidence interval) of thyroid autoimmunity was lower in the individuals with normal weight (2.9%; 2.0-4.2) than in the overweight (6.3%; 3.9-9.9) and obese subjects (5.6%, 2.5-11.3) (p=0.02). TSH levels were associated with obesity (β=0.36; p Obese children and adolescents had higher levels of thyrotropin than those who were overweight and of normal weight. The differences among the groups were of very little clinical significance and could possibly be linked to the higher prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in obese subjects. The hyperthyrotropinemia in these subjects was not associated with any cardiovascular risk factor

Gut Microbiota Metabolism of Bile Acids Could Contribute to the Bariatric Surgery Improvements in Extreme Obesity

Bariatric surgery is the only procedure to obtain and maintain weight loss in the long term, although the mechanisms driving these benefits are not completely understood. In the last years, gut microbiota has emerged as one of the drivers through its metabolites, especially secondary bile acids. In the current study, we have compared the gut microbiota and the bile acid pool, as well as anthropometric and biochemical parameters, of patient with morbid obesity who underwent bariatric surgery by two different techniques, namely Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Gut microbiota populations differed after the respective procedures, particularly with respect to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Both techniques resulted in changes in the bile acids pool, but RYGB was the procedure which suffered the greatest changes, with a reduction in most of their levels. Blautia and Veillonella were the two genera that more relationships showed with secondary bile acids, indicating a possible role in their formation and inhibition, respectively. Correlations with the anthropometric and biochemical variables showed that secondary bile acids could have a role in the amelioration of the glucose and HDL-cholesterol levels. Thus, we have observed a possible relationship between the interaction of the bile acids pool metabolized by the gut microbiota in the metabolic improvements obtained by bariatric surgery in the frame of morbid obesity, deserving further investigation in greater cohorts to decipher the role of each bile acid in the homeostasis of the host for their possible use in the development of microbiota-based therapeutics, such as new drugs, postbiotics or probiotics.GMN is supported by a grant from Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitivi dad (“Juan de la Cierva-Formación” contract (FJCI-2017-34349). PRL was supported by a “Sara Borrell” postdoctoral contract (CD19/00216) from the ISCIII-Madrid (Spain), co-financed by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER. J.A. was supported by a “PFIS” predoctoral contract (FI19/00177). CGR and IMI are supported by Miguel Servet program from Instituto de Salud Carlos III cofounded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional—FEDER (CP20/00066 and CP16/00163, respectively). E.G.F. is supported by “Nicolás Monardes” program from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (C-0031-2016). This work was supported in part by grants from ISCIII cofounded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional—FEDER, PI18/01160, CP16/00163; as well as UMA18-FEDERJA-116 founded by Junta de Andalucía (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER).Ye