46 research outputs found

    The outer transmembrane domain of the Kesv channel determines its intracellular localization

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    The two viral potassium channels Kcv from Paramecium bursaria Chlorella Virus 1 and Kesv from Ectocarpus siliculosus Virus 1 are structurally very similar with a high degree of sequence identity. Despite these structural similarities, the two channels reveal, when expressed in mammalian HEK293 cells, a fundamentally different sorting: Kcv is located in the plasma membrane, while Kesv is in the inner membrane of mitochondria. Previous experiments have shown that the second transmembrane domain (TMD2) of Kesv contains a sorting signal. An elongation of this domain by >1 hydrophobic amino acids was able to redirect sorting of Kesv from the mitochondria to the secretory pathway and finally to the plasma membrane. The present thesis addresses the question on the molecular nature of this sorting signal in TMD2. To do this in an unbiased manner randomized mutants of the critical domain within TMD2 of Kesv were generated with a randomized site directed mutagenesis PCR. In combination with a yeast complementation assay, where only yeast mutants with a functional potassium channel in the plasma membrane can survive, two Kesv mutants could be identified. These channel mutants are no longer located in the mitochondria but in the plasma membrane. The results of these experiments show that an elongation of TMD2 in Kesv is not mandatory for this redirection of sorting. A bioinformatic analysis of the amino acid exchanges in the mutants implies that a shift in sorting is generated by amino acids, which lower the local energy for the transfer of the TMD2 into a membrane. To further verify the sorting of the two Kesv mutants into the plasma membrane, confocal laser scanning microscopy was employed. For a confidential localization it was necessary to optimize a method in which an isolated plasma membrane patch from mammalian cells is adhered with a poly-D-lysin coat to a glass surface. After removing the cell body by an osmotic shock and after further washing steps, which only leaves bare membrane patches, the fluorescent signal of GFP tagged channel proteins can be detected in these patches. In this assay it is possible to detect known plasma membrane channels such as Kat1 or Kcv and the two Kesv mutants. Kesv, which is sorted to mitochondria, is not seen in these patches. The results of these experiments underline the data from the yeast complementation assay in that the sorting mutants of Kesv are indeed localized in the plasma membrane. This interpretation was further underscored by single molecule studies. It occurred that the isolation of the membrane patches is in combination with TIRF microscopy suitable for high-resolution imaging on the level of single molecules. The signal to background ratio is very low because of the very low excitation volume of the flat membrane patch and the absence of signals from the cell body. Also with this technique it was possible to localize both the two Kesv mutants and the reference channels Kat1 and Kcv in the plasma membrane. The mobility of the proteins confirms that they are not peripheral but inserted into the membrane

    Optimierung von DruckbehÀltern unterschiedlicher Geometrien und Werkstoffe

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    Einleitung Moderne Simulations- und Berechnungsmethoden, wie beispielsweise die Finite-Elemente-Methode (FEM), erlauben dem Konstrukteur bereits in einer relativ frĂŒhen Phase des Entwicklungsprozesses die wesentlichen Eigenschaften des Produktes virtuell am Computer zu analysieren. Die Ergebnisse dieser Berechnungen können anschließend zur zielgerichteten Verbesserung ausgewĂ€hlter Produkteigenschaften genutzt werden. Der Aufwand fĂŒr die Optimierung ist dabei in erster Linie von der KomplexitĂ€t des Produktes abhĂ€ngig. Produkte, bei welchen die mathematischen ZusammenhĂ€nge zwischen den Ein- und Ausgangsparametern bekannt ist, lassen sich oftmals recht einfach analytisch optimieren. Bei komplexen Produkten oder einer großen Anzahl an Einflussparametern lassen sich diese ZusammenhĂ€nge in vielen FĂ€llen nicht herleiten, so dass die Optimierung bisher meist nach dem Trial and Error-Verfahren erfolgte. Diese heuristische Vorgehensweise fĂŒhrt durch eine hohe Anzahl an notwendigen Iterationsschleifen zu einem extremen Anstieg der Zeit und der Kosten, wobei die Wiederholungsrate des Entwicklungsprozessschrittes in hohem Maße von der Erfahrung und dem vorhandenen Wissen des Konstrukteurs abhĂ€ngig ist. Der Einsatz von wissenschaftlichen Optimierungsverfahren, wie beispielsweise der Topologieoptimierung, ermöglicht eine zielgerichtete und weitestgehend automatisierbare Optimierung von komplexen Produkten. Die hohe KomplexitĂ€t des Produktes ist dabei oftmals nicht auf den ersten Blick ersichtlich. Beispielsweise gestaltet sich die Gewichtsoptimierung von DruckbehĂ€ltern mit nicht rotationsymmetrischen Querschnitten aufgrund der komplexen SpannungsverlĂ€ufe schwierig. GrundsĂ€tzlich wird bei Leichtbaukonstruktionen versucht, die zur VerfĂŒgung stehende Werkstofffestigkeit in den gegebenen Sicherheitsgrenzen voll auszuschöpfen. HierfĂŒr ist es notwendig, die Materialverteilung an dem Kraftverlauf anzupassen. Bei einem mehrachsigen Spannungszustand, wie er bei den DruckbehĂ€ltern mit komplexen Geometrien vorliegt, bestehen zwischen der Materialverteilung und den SpannungsverlĂ€ufen ĂŒber die Geometrie komplexe ZusammenhĂ€nge, so dass fĂŒr die optimale Materialverteilung keine allgemeingĂŒltige triviale Lösung existiert

    Herausforderungen klassischer Maschinenelemente im nicht-elektrischen Explosionsschutz

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    Der Umgang mit brennbaren Stoffen erfordert ein hohes Maß an Sicherheit und Aufmerksamkeit. Auf diese Anforderungen wird selbst in alltĂ€glichen Situationen wie beispielsweise bei der Nutzung eines Gaskochers- und -grills hingewiesen. Fehler in der Handhabung können zu schwerwiegenden Folgen fĂŒhren. Jedoch ist der Einsatz von brennbaren Stoffen in industriellen Prozessen und Produktionen notwendig. Unter definierten Bedingungen kann dabei der brennbare Stoff mit dem Sauerstoff aus der Luft eine explosionsfĂ€hige AtmosphĂ€re bilden, die durch eine ZĂŒndquelle entzĂŒndet werden kann. Die Folge ist „eine plötzliche Oxidations- oder Zerfallsreaktion mit Anstieg der Temperatur, des Druckes oder beider gleichzeitig“ (ISO 8421 1987), eine Explosion. Durch Explosionen werden Menschen, Maschinen und Umwelt gefĂ€hrdet. Die ZĂŒndquellen werden durch unterschiedlichste Ursachen bedingt. Am 07. Februar 2008 verursachte ein heiß gelaufenes Lager eine Explosion in einer Zuckerraffinerie, die 14 Menschen das Leben kostete (CSB 2009). Durch den Einsatz des Explosionsschutzes sollen solche Katastrophen und UnfĂ€lle verhindert werden. Dieses Gebiet der Sicherheitstechnik wird dabei in den elektrischen und nicht-elektrischen Explosionsschutz unterschieden. Im Rahmen des nicht-elektrischen Explosionsschutzes werden GerĂ€te und Baugruppen betrachtet, die ihre Funktion mechanisch erfĂŒllen (ISO 80079-36 2016). Essenzielle Komponenten sind dabei die klassischen Maschinenelemente wie Lager, Riemen oder Kupplungen. Diese Bauteile mĂŒssen alleinstehend und in Kombination die Anforderungen einer explosionsschutzgerechten Auslegung erfĂŒllen. Diese Bedingung kann jedoch eine Herausforderung darstellen

    Hepatitis E Virus Antibodies in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

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    In the United States, the seroprevalence rate for hepatitis E virus (HEV) is ≈20%. This study examined HEV seroprevalence in persons with and without chronic liver disease. Our data indicate that HEV seropositivity is high in patients with chronic liver disease and that HEV seroprevalence increases significantly with age

    Hepatitis E Epidemic, Uganda

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    In October 2007, an epidemic of hepatitis E was suspected in Kitgum District of northern Uganda where no previous epidemics had been documented. This outbreak has progressed to become one of the largest hepatitis E outbreaks in the world. By June 2009, the epidemic had caused illness in >10,196 persons and 160 deaths

    Effect of exogenous surfactants on viability and DNA synthesis in A549, immortalized mouse type II and isolated rat alveolar type II cells

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In mechanically ventilated preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), exogenous surfactant application has been demonstrated both to decrease DNA-synthesis but also and paradoxically to increase epithelial cell proliferation. However, the effect of exogenous surfactant has not been studied directly on alveolar type II cells (ATII cells), a key cell type responsible for alveolar function and repair.</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two commercially available surfactant preparations on ATII cell viability and DNA synthesis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Curosurf<sup>Âź </sup>and Alveofact<sup>Âź </sup>were applied to two ATII cell lines (human A549 and mouse iMATII cells) and to primary rat ATII cells for periods of up to 24 h. Cell viability was measured using the redox indicator resazurin and DNA synthesis was measured using BrdU incorporation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Curosurf<sup>Âź </sup>resulted in slightly decreased cell viability in all cell culture models. However, DNA synthesis was increased in A549 and rat ATII cells but decreased in iMATII cells. Alveofact<sup>Âź </sup>exhibited the opposite effects on A549 cells and had very mild effects on the other two cell models.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study showed that commercially available exogenous surfactants used to treat preterm infants with RDS can have profound effects on cell viability and DNA synthesis.</p

    Prevalence of plasmodium falciparum in active conflict areas of eastern Burma: a summary of cross-sectional data

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    BACKGROUND: Burma records the highest number of malaria deaths in southeast Asia and may represent a reservoir of infection for its neighbors, but the burden of disease and magnitude of transmission among border populations of Burma remains unknown. METHODS: Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasitemia was detected using a HRP-II antigen based rapid test (Paracheck-Pf(R)). Pf prevalence was estimated from screenings conducted in 49 villages participating in a malaria control program, and four retrospective mortality cluster surveys encompassing a sampling frame of more than 220,000. Crude odds ratios were calculated to evaluate Pf prevalence by age, sex, and dry vs. rainy season. RESULTS: 9,796 rapid tests were performed among 28,410 villagers in malaria program areas through four years (2003: 8.4%, 95% CI: 8.3 - 8.6; 2004: 7.1%, 95% CI: 6.9 - 7.3; 2005:10.5%, 95% CI: 9.3 - 11.8 and 2006: 9.3%, 95% CI: 8.2 - 10.6). Children under 5 (OR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.93 - 2.06) and those 5 to 14 years (OR = 2.24, 95% CI: 2.18 - 2.29) were more likely to be positive than adults. Prevalence was slightly higher among females (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.06) and in the rainy season (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.16 - 1.88). Among 5,538 rapid tests conducted in four cluster surveys, 10.2% were positive (range 6.3%, 95% CI: 3.9 - 8.8; to 12.4%, 95% CI: 9.4 - 15.4). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of plasmodium falciparum in conflict areas of eastern Burma is higher than rates reported among populations in neighboring Thailand, particularly among children. This population serves as a large reservoir of infection that contributes to a high disease burden within Burma and likely constitutes a source of infection for neighboring regions
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