Effects of addition of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on digestibility and milk and meat production: A systematic review

El articulo esta publicado en una revista de Open accessExogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) added to the ruminant diet can increase fiber digestibility and production efficiency. A systematic review was conducted to understand the interactions between EFE and diet on digestibility and animal performance. The database included variables from 384 experiments with EFE and 264 controls from 85 papers published since 2000 (classification criteria: 1) type of study (in vitro, in situ, in vivo), 2) type of ruminants (sheep, Buffaloes, goats, beef and dairy cattle), 3) primary EFE activity (Cellulases (Cel) or Xylanases (Xyl)), 4) forage proportion (FP), 5) type of plant (TP: legumes or grasses), 6) number of ingredients in diets, and 7) application time (AT)). In over of 52.85% of cases, EFE improved the degradability of dry matter (DMD), neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDFD and ADFD), in vitro gas production (GP), volatile fatty acids (VFA), the acetate: propionate ratio (A:P ratio), protein and fat milk, milk yield and average daily gain (ADG) (by 7.78–21.85%). Cel improved organic matter degradability (OMD), GP, VFA, milk yield, and milk protein and fat content. EFE in FP≥40% diets enhanced the ADG, and in grass-based diets increased the dry matter intake (DMI). The AT of EFE affected the DMD, NDFD, and ADFD. Significant correlations were found between the improvements of NDFD or ADFD with DMD (r>0.59), milk yield (r=0.64), and ADG (r=0.59). In conclusion, many factors interact with EFE supplementation effects, but EFE consistently enhanced the DMD, NDFD, and ADFD of ruminant diets, which are related to improvements in productive performance

Digestibilidad in situ de dietas con harina de nopal deshidratado conteniendo un preparado de enzimas fibrolíticas exógenas

Se evaluó el efecto de un preparado de enzimas fibrolíticas exógenas (celulasas y xilanasas) en la degradabilidad in situ de la materia seca (DisMS), fibra detergente neutro (DFDNr) y fibra detergente ácido residual (DFDAr), en dietas altas o bajas en harina de nopal deshidratado. Se aplicaron concentraciones de 0, 1, 2 y 3 g de enzima por kilogramo de materia seca al inicio y 24 horas antes de la degradación in situ. Se determinó la concentración de ácidos grasos volátiles totales y de nitrógeno amoniacal a las 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 y 24 horas después de aplicarse la enzima. No se observaron efectos en DisMS, DFDNr y DFDAr; la aplicación al inicio de la degradación in situ mostró valores más altos que a 24 horas para DisMS y DFDNr, pero fue menor para DFDAr. No se observaron diferencias en las interacciones entre niveles de enzima, tipo de dieta y tiempo de pretratamiento. La aplicación de 1 y 3 g de enzima, en la dieta con bajo contenido de harina de nopal, tuvo efectos en el incremento de los ácidos grasos volátiles totales; para el nitrógeno amoniacal, los mejores resultados ocurrieron con 0 y 1 g de enzima.It was evaluated the effect of a fybrolitic enzyme product (cellulases and xylanases) on in situ digestibility of dry matter (DisMS), residual neutral detergent fiber (DFDNr) and acid detergent fiber (DFDAr), indehydrated ground prickly pear diets with a low or high level. Enzyme concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 3 g kg-1 of dry matter applied at the beginning (0 hour) and 24 hours before starting in situ digestibility were used. Total volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen were determined at: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hours after the enzyme application.There were no effects on DisMS, DFDNr, and DFDAr. Initial application of enzyme concentrations (0 hour) was higher than 24 hours for DisMS and DFDNr but lower for DFDAr. No differences were observed in interactionsamong enzyme level, diet and application time. Application of 1 and 3 g of the enzyme to the diet with the low level of prickly pear forage had effects on the increasing of volatile fatty acids; for ammonia nitrogen, the best results were obtained using 0 and 1 g of the enzyme.It was evaluated the effect of a fybrolitic enzyme product (cellulases and xylanases) on in situ digestibility of dry matter (DisMS), residual neutral detergent fiber (DFDNr) and acid detergent fiber (DFDAr), in dehydrated ground prickly pear diets with a low or high level. Enzyme concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 3 g kg-1 of dry matter applied at the beginning (0 hour) and 24 hours before starting in situ digestibility were used. Total volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen were determined at: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hours after the enzyme application. There were no effects on DisMS, DFDNr, and DFDAr. Initial application of enzyme concentrations (0 hour) was higher than 24 hours for DisMS and DFDNr but lower for DFDAr. No differences were observed in interactions among enzyme level, diet and application time. Application of 1 and 3 g of the enzyme to the diet with the low level of prickly pear forage had effects on the increasing of volatile fatty acids; for ammonia nitrogen, the best results were obtained using 0 and 1 g of the enzyme

Potential effects of delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on ruminant meat and milk quality

El articulo esta publicado en una revista de Open accessThe objective was to review the potential effects of adding anthocyanin delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside (DOS) and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (COS) of HS in animal diets. One hundred and four scientific articles published before 2021 in clinics, pharmacology, nutrition, and animal production were included. The grains/concentrate, metabolic exigency, and caloric stress contribute to increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS). COS and DOS have antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and anthelmintic activities. In the rumen, anthocyanin might obtain interactions and/or synergisms with substrates, microorganisms, and enzymes which could affect the fiber degradability and decrease potential methane (CH4) emissions; since anthocyanin interferes with ruminal fatty acids biohydrogenation (BH), they can increase the n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic acid (LA), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk and meat, as well as improving their quality. Anthocyanins reduce plasma oxidation and can be deposited in milk and meat, increasing antioxidant activities. Therefore, the reduction of the oxidation of fats and proteins improves shelf-life. Although studies in ruminants are required, COS and DOS act as inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACEi) and rennin expression, regulating the homeostatic control and possibly the milk yield and body weight. By-products of HS contain polyphenols as calyces with positive effects on the average daily gain and fat meat quality

Effect of THI, NDF and rumination in milk production by Holstein cows

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the THI, NDF and rumination rate (RR) on milk production in Holstein cows in a dairy farm located in Bajío de San José, Jalisco Design/methodology/approach: The temperature-humidity index (THI) is an indicator of the effect of the environmental climate can have on milk production, likewise nutritional content of forage is affected by weather conditions, as the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is related with rumination activity of cows, increasing THI has shown a direct effect on milk production in cows. HealthyCow 24 ® CSR was used (SCR Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel), to monitor rumination, from a total record of 284 cows with 2, 3, and 4 lactacion through august to december 2020 period, analysing NDF content from total mixed ration and monitoring THI. Results: The results showed there was no effect of THI on milk production (p>0.05), despite having reached 76 THI score, instead NDF (p<0.05) and RR (p<0.001) affected milk production, it was not found effect of THI on RR (p>0.05), and NDF had trend (p<0.1). Limitations on study/implications: There were no limitations for this report. Findings/conclusions: According to the results obtained, THI threshold should be reconsidered according to the resistance of productively active cattle on dairy farms.  Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the temperature-humidity index (THI), the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and rumination rate (RR) on milk production in Holstein cows in a dairy farm located in Bajío de San José, Jalisco, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: The THI is an indicator of the effect of the environmental climate can have on milk production, and likewise the nutritional content of forage is affected by weather conditions, such as the NDF is related with rumination activity of cows; increasing THI has shown a direct effect on milk production in cows. The HealthyCow 24 ® CSR remote equipment was used (SCR Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel), to monitor rumination, from a total registry of 284 cows with 2, 3, and 4 lactations distributed between August and December 2020 period, analyzing the NDF content from total mixed portion and monitoring the THI. Results: The results showed there was no effect of THI on milk production (p>0.05), despite having reached a THI score of 76, while NDF (p<0.05) and RR (p<0.001) affected milk production; an effect of THI on RR (p>0.05) was not found, and the NDF only had a trend (p<0.1). Limitations on study/implications: There were no limitations for the study. Findings/conclusions: According to the results obtained, the THI threshold should be reconsidered according to the resistance of the productively active cattle on dairy farms

Meta-analysis: effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in ruminant diets

There are unknown interactions between supplements of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) and the cell walls of feedstuff in ruminal conditions. The quantitative effects of using EFE in ruminant diets were evaluated using meta-analysis. Records (586) were extracted from 74 journal articles from a list of published papers (2000–2012). Statistical analyses were performed considering fixed [type of forage-based diet, forage-to-concentrate ratio (F:C ratio) and primarily enzyme activities in the EFE], and random effects [Experiment(Article)]. In dairy cows fed high-forage (F:C ≥50%), the supplementation of primarily mixtures of cellulases and xylanases (Cel:Xyl: 1:4–1:1) increased milk production and milk composition of legume-based diets, and primarily xylanases (Xyl) EFE improved those variables of grass-based diets. In F:C <50% grass-based diets, Cel:Xyl improved the average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion [FC:DM intake (DMI)/ADG] of beef cattle. DMI of dairy cows was not affected by EFE supplementation, but EFE improved the DMI of beef cattle. EFE effects were inconsistent in sheep productive performance variables. Cellulases (Cel) and Xyl enhanced in vivo dry matter (DM) digestibility (DMD) in low-forage (F:C <50%) grass-based diets. In F:C ≥50% legume-based diets, EFE enhanced the in situ DM disappearance (ISDMD), and mainly Cel:Xyl improved the in situ neutral detergent fibre (NDF) disappearance (ISNDFD), but there were no effects in those variables in F:C ≥50% grass-based diets. Regardless of the type of ruminal liquid (RL) or forage, in F:C ≥50% diets, in vitro DM degradability (IVDMD) was improved mainly by Cel, but fibre degradability only was improved by Cel:Xyl when sheep RL was used for in vitro evaluations. Overall, EFE could improve the productive performance of dairy cows and beef cattle, but the response depends upon the proper mixture of Cel and Xyl according to the diet composition. Abbreviations: ADF: acid detergent fiber; ADG: average daily gain; A:P: acetate:propionate ratio; BW: initial body weight; Cel:Xyl: cellulases:xylanases; DM: dry matter; DMD: in vivo dry matter digestibility; DMI: dry matter intake; EA: enzyme activities; EFE: exogenous fibrolytic enzymes; F: type of forage; FC: feed conversion; F:C: forage-to-concentrate ratio; ISDMD: in situ dry matter disappearance; ISNDFD: in situ neutral detergent fiber disappearance; IVADFD: in vitro acid detergent degradability; IVDMD: in vitro dry matter degradability; IVNDFD: in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability; NDF: neutral detergent fiber; VFA: in vitro volatile fat acid

Digestibilidad in situ de dietas con harina de nopal deshidratado conteniendo un preparado de enzimas fibrolíticas exógenas In situ digestibility in dehydrated ground prickly pear diets containing a fybrolitic enzymes product

Se evaluó el efecto de un preparado de enzimas fibrolíticas exógenas (celulasas y xilanasas) en la degradabilidad in situ de la materia seca (DisMS), fibra detergente neutro (DFDNr) y fibra detergente ácido residual (DFDAr), en dietas altas o bajas en harina de nopal deshidratado. Se aplicaron concentraciones de 0, 1, 2 y 3 g de enzima por kilogramo de materia seca al inicio y 24 horas antes de la degradación in situ. Se determinó la concentración de ácidos grasos volátiles totales y de nitrógeno amoniacal a las 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 y 24 horas después de aplicarse la enzima. No se observaron efectos en DisMS, DFDNr y DFDAr; la aplicación al inicio de la degradación in situ mostró valores más altos que a 24 horas para DisMS y DFDNr, pero fue menor para DFDAr. No se observaron diferencias en las interacciones entre niveles de enzima, tipo de dieta y tiempo de pretratamiento. La aplicación de 1 y 3 g de enzima, en la dieta con bajo contenido de harina de nopal, tuvo efectos en el incremento de los ácidos grasos volátiles totales; para el nitrógeno amoniacal, los mejores resultados ocurrieron con 0 y 1 g de enzima.It was evaluated the effect of a fybrolitic enzyme product (cellulases and xylanases) on in situ digestibility of dry matter (DisMS), residual neutral detergent fiber (DFDNr) and acid detergent fiber (DFDAr), in dehydrated ground prickly pear diets with a low or high level. Enzyme concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 3 g kg-1 of dry matter applied at the beginning (0 hour) and 24 hours before starting in situ digestibility were used. Total volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen were determined at: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hours after the enzyme application. There were no effects on DisMS, DFDNr, and DFDAr. Initial application of enzyme concentrations (0 hour) was higher than 24 hours for DisMS and DFDNr but lower for DFDAr. No differences were observed in interactions among enzyme level, diet and application time. Application of 1 and 3 g of the enzyme to the diet with the low level of prickly pear forage had effects on the increasing of volatile fatty acids; for ammonia nitrogen, the best results were obtained using 0 and 1 g of the enzyme

Calidad nutricional del bagazo de manzana ensilado con fuentes nitrogenadas orgánicas e inorgánicas

The nutritional quality and potential use of apple bagasse (BM) in diets for ruminants when silage (microsilos) with two nitrogenous sources (FN) [urea (U), sow (C)], a commercial inoculant (I) was evaluated and Chloris gayanaas moisture adherent [80/20 w/w, dry matter (MS)]. The study was conducted in Aguascalientes, Mexico (2014-2016). The treatments: a) BM; b) BM+I; c) BM+U; d) BM+U+I; e) BM+C and f) BM+C+Iwere analyzed in a completely randomized design (DCA) with factorial arrangement [3 FN (U, C, without FN) × 2 I (with I, without I)]. At 45, the MS of silage was similar between treatments, and lactic and acetic acids increased in greater proportion to propionic and butyric acids. The addition of C (BM+C and BM+C+I) increased the final crude protein (PC) (increments of 8 and 7.44 g100 g-1MS) although the pH increased (4.33 and 3.91 vs. 3.41±0.03) of the ensilage. Considering the content of PC and fermentation standards, the BM silage with C has the stability and sufficient quality to be used in the feeding of ruminants. Keywords: apple bagasse, bacterial inocula,nitrogen sources, ruminants, silageSe evaluó la calidad nutricional y potencial uso del bagazo de manzana (BM) en dietas para rumiantes al ser ensilado (microsilos) con dos fuentes nitrogenadas (FN)[urea (U), cerdaza (C)],un inoculante comercial (I) y Chloris gayanacomo adherente de humedad [80/20 peso/peso, materia seca (MS)].El estudio se realizó en Aguascalientes, México (2014-2016).Los tratamientos: a) BM; b) BM+I; c) BM+U; d) BM+U+I; e) BM+C y f) BM+C+I se analizaron enun diseño completamente al azar (DCA)con arreglo factorial [3FN (U, C, sin FN) ×2 I (con I, sin I)].A los 45días, la MSdel ensilado fue similar entre tratamientos, y los ácidosláctico y acético se incrementaron en mayor proporción a los ácidos propiónico y butírico.La adición de C(BM+C y BM+C+I) incrementó la proteína cruda (PC) final (incrementos de 8 y 7.44g 100g-1MS) aunque aumentó el pH (4.33 y 3.91 vs 3.41±0.03) del ensilado.Considerando el contenido de PC y patrones de fermentación, el BM ensilado con C tiene la estabilidad y calidad suficiente para ser empleado en la alimentación de rumiantes. Palabras clave:bagazo de manzana, ensilado, fuentes de nitrógeno, inóculos bacterianos, rumiante

Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis to Characterize Honey Bee Production in Semi-arid Ecosystem

Honey bee production could be considered as a reliable economic indicator of the biodiversity and availability of ecosystem services. The scaling behaviour of honey bee was analysed and associated to the natural ecosystem characteristics by using multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA). Records of honey harvests and climatic conditions were collected monthly from 1998 to 2012 of 83 apiaries (Database= 14,940 records) located in 24 different micro-regions (in central-north Mexico) where ‘mesquite’ (Prosopis laevigata) and plants of Asteraceae family are the primarily endemic sources of nectar and pollen. Micro-regions were classified as semi-warm semi-arid, semi-arid, or humid subtropical (Köppen Climate clasification; KC), and according to the agricultural uses of their surrounding areas as secondary vegetation (S), irrigated agriculture (IA) or rainfed agriculture(RA). Hurst exponents of segments (Hq) of honey bee production time series showed small fluctuations but random walk characteristic of multifractal (MF) structure. Left truncation and parameter values of honey bee harvests fractal spectra suggest local fluctuations of large magnitude with self-affine properties which represent long-term correlations useful for long-term predictions. Major variations of honey bee production in semi-arid climates have been produced by S, but it is also affected for the minimum temperature (T) and precipitation (P). MF-DFA allowed to identify fluctuations in honey bee production time series, associating it with climatic and land use variables, useful to make reliable long-term predictions of pollinators’ diversity and honey bee harvests, and to design strategies to maintain ecosystems and increase the economic feasibility of apiculture

Producción de chile pimiento en dos sistemas de riego bajo condiciones hidropónicas

En la producción de hortalizas en invernadero el uso de sistemas de riego con recirculación de solución nutritiva es una alternativa para reducir los problemas de escasez de agua y de contaminación de mantos acuíferos. En el presente estudio se utilizaron dos sistemas de riego (superficial y subirrigación), con recirculación de solución nutritiva y tres densidades de siembra (12, 16 y 24 plantas m-2) para estudiar el crecimiento, nutrición y producción de chile pimiento (Capsicum annuum L). La solución nutritiva se preparó con fertilizantes comerciales y fue diferente en las etapas vegetativa y reproductiva. El número de riegos diarios varió entre sistemas. La tasa de crecimiento, altura y producción de materia seca total de la planta 64 días después de la emergencia (dde) fueron mayores en el sistema de riego por subirrigación, situación que se invirtió al final del cultivo (300 dde). El rendimiento en plantas desarrolladas con subirrigación fue 34.5, y 37.8 kg m-2 en riego superficial, en este último sistema se obtuvo la mayor cantidad de frutos por m2, y los frutos de mayor calidad. Al final de la cosecha la concentración de Ca, Mg, P, Mn y Zn en la materia seca total fue mayor en el sistema de riego por subirrigación