Aguas del Iténez o Guaporé

Bolivia y Brasil comparten una de las cuencas más atractivas y preservadas de la te-giuri amazônica: la cuenca del rio llénez o Guaporé, que escurre tanto sobre el lecho rocoso del Escudo Precámbrico Brasilefto como sobre las Hanuras del Beni. Estas influencias hacen que la cuenca del iténez tenga una elevada heterogeneidad de habitats, una fauna acuálica peculiar y un alto valor de conservation. Este patrimo­nio binacional posée un potencial importante para la conservación de la diversidad regional y cl dcsar rollo sostcniblc participativo de las comunidades locales. El libro contiene un resumen del conotimìento de la cuenca y sus recursos, generado en los últimos 10 anos por un equipo de investigadores bolivianos, brasilefios y de otras nacionalidades. Se presenta una descripeión del medio fisico, así como resultados relevantes sobre la biodiversidad acuática, con énfasis en algas, peces, reptiles y mamíferos. El aporte más notable del libro, adernas de la descripeión ecológica del ecosistema, son las lecciones aprendidas que surgieron de experiências locales sobre la élaboration participativa de herramientas para la gestion de los recursos hidrobiológicos.A Bolívia e o Brasil compartilham uma das bacias hidrográficas mais atrativas e preservadas da região amazônica: a bacia do Rio Iténez ou Guaporé. A combinação das influências do escudo pré-cambriano brasileiro e da planícies do Beni é uma das razões pela qual existem na região elevada heterogeneidade de habitats, fauna aquática peculiar e alto grau valor dc conservação. Eslc patrimônio binacional possui potencial significativo para a conservação da diversidade regional e desenvolvimento sustentável participativo das comunidades locais. O livro contém um resumo do conhecimento da bacia e seus recursos, gerado nos últimos dez anos por uma equipe de pesquisadores bolivianos, brasileiros e de outras nacionalidades. Apresentamos uma descrição do meio físico, bem como resultados relevantes da biodiversidade aquática, com ênfase em algas, peixes, répteis e mamíferos. A contribuição mais notável do livro, além da descrição ecológica do ecossistema, é a descrição das lições aprendidas que surgiram a partir de experiências locais sobre elaboração participativa de ferramentas para a gestão dos recursos aquáticos presentes nesta bacia

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Perda de amônia por volatilização em pastagem de capim-tanzânia adubada com uréia no verão Ammonia volatilization loss in tanzaniagrass pasture fertilized with urea in the summer

Parte do nitrogênio (N) do fertilizante aplicado à pastagem pode ser perdida do sistema e, em pastagens tropicais, a volatilização de amônia (NH3) é uma das principais vias de perda. Objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, estimar a perda de N-NH3 por volatilização em pastagem de Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia adubada com uréia durante o verão. Adotou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo e três repetições. Nas parcelas, encontravam-se as doses de N-uréia (40, 80 e 120 kg/ha de N-uréia) e, nas subparcelas, o período depois da adubação nitrogenada (1, 5 e 9 dias). A interação entre o nível de adubação e o período depois da aplicação de uréia foi significativa para as variáveis volatilização acumulada de N-NH3 e taxa diária de volatilização de N-NH3. A combinação de elevada umidade do solo, ausência de chuvas durante o primeiro dia depois da adubação e alta temperatura elevada determinaram elevadas perdas de amônia por volatilização. A perda acumulada de N-NH3 no período representou 48%, 41% e 42% do N aplicado nas adubações com 40, 80 e 120 kg/ha de N-uréia, respectivamente. A volatilização acumulada de N-NH3 (kg/ha) aumentou, enquanto a taxa diária de volatilização de N-NH3 diminuiu com o aumento do tempo depois da adubação.<br>Part of the fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to pasture may be lost from the system and, in tropical pastures, the volatilization of ammonia (NH3) is one of the major pathways of loss. The present study aimed to estimate the NH3-N volatilization loss in Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania pasture fertilized with urea during the summer. A completely randomized design, following a repeated measure arrangement, with three replicates was used. The plots were represented by urea levels (40, 80 and 120 kg/ha urea-N) and the subplots by the time after fertilization (1, 5 and 9 days). The interaction between level of fertilization and time after urea application was significant for accumulated NH3-N volatilization loss and daily NH3-N volatilization loss rate. The combination of high soil water content, lack of rainfall in the day following fertilization and high temperature determined high ammonia volatilization losses. The accumulated NH3-N loss in the period represented 48%, 41% and 42% of the applied N in 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha urea-N fertilizations, respectively. The accumulated NH3-N loss (kg/ha) increased, while the daily NH3-N volatilization loss rate decreased with the increase in time after fertilization

SDSS-III : massive spectroscopic surveys of the distant universe, the Milk Way, and extra-solar planetary systems

Building on the legacy of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-I and II), SDSS-III is a program of four spectroscopic surveys on three scientific themes: dark energy and cosmological parameters, the history and structure of the Milky Way, and the population of giant planets around other stars. In keeping with SDSS tradition, SDSS-III will provide regular public releases of all its data, beginning with SDSS Data Release 8 (DR8), which was made public in 2011 January and includes SDSS-I and SDSS-II images and spectra reprocessed with the latest pipelines and calibrations produced for the SDSS-III investigations. This paper presents an overview of the four surveys that comprise SDSS-III. The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey will measure redshifts of 1.5 million massive galaxies and Lyα forest spectra of 150,000 quasars, using the baryon acoustic oscillation feature of large-scale structure to obtain percent-level determinations of the distance scale and Hubble expansion rate at z < 0.7 and at z ≈ 2.5. SEGUE- 2, an already completed SDSS-III survey that is the continuation of the SDSS-II Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE), measured medium-resolution (R = λ/Δλ ≈ 1800) optical spectra of 118,000 stars in a variety of target categories, probing chemical evolution, stellar kinematics and substructure, and the mass profile of the dark matter halo from the solar neighborhood to distances of 100 kpc. APOGEE, the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment, will obtain high-resolution (R ≈ 30,000), high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N 100 per resolution element), H-band (1.51μm < λ < 1.70μm) spectra of 105 evolved, late-type stars, measuring separate abundances for ∼15 elements per star and creating the first high-precision spectroscopic survey of all Galactic stellar populations (bulge, bar, disks, halo) with a uniform set of stellar tracers and spectral diagnostics. The Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS) will monitor radial velocities of more than 8000 FGK stars with the sensitivity and cadence (10–40ms−1, ∼24 visits per star) needed to detect giant planets with periods up to two years, providing an unprecedented data set for understanding the formation and dynamical evolution of giant planet systems. As of 2011 January, SDSS-III has obtained spectra of more than 240,000 galaxies, 29,000 z 2.2 quasars, and 140,000 stars, including 74,000 velocity measurements of 2580 stars for MARVELS