Spectrum Usage for 5G Mobile Communication Systems and Electromagnetic Compatibility with Existent Technologies

The increased demand of consumers on services in the mobile broadband environment with high data rate and developed mobile broadband communication systems will require more spectrum to be available in the future. New technologies as well as the existing services require frequencies for their development. In this chapter, we investigate the available and potential future mobile terrestrial radio frequency bands (5G)—worldwide and in Europe. An insight into the mobile spectrum estimate is provided. Characteristics and requirements of IMT-2020, future possible IMT frequency bands, and examples of 5G usage scenarios are also addressed in the chapter. Electromagnetic compatibility evaluation methods are provided mainly focusing on existent mobile technologies below 1 GHz where also 5G technologies will be developed in the future. It is stressed that the radio frequency spectrum is a limited national resource that will become increasingly precious in the future

Lack of Association between Rs2067474 Polymorphism in the Histamine Receptor H2 Gene and Gastric Cancer in Latvian Population

Funding Information: The study was partly supported by the Latvian Government Research Programme BIOMEDICINE 2014–2017 Project Nr. 4 “Study of gastric cancer mortality reduction capability in Latvia”. Publisher Copyright: © 2018 Georgijs Moisejevs et al.Histamine has an important role in the process of the gastric mucosa inflammation acting via histamine receptor H2 (encoded by the gene HRH2). Single nucleotide polymorphism of the enhancer element of HRH2 gene promoter rs2067474 (1018G>A)may be associated with changes of expression of the receptor. We attempted to clarify the association of this polymorphism with gastric cancer and/or atrophic gastritis in the Latvian (Caucasian) population. The study group consisted of 121 gastric cancer patients and 650 patients with no evidence of gastric neoplasia on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Genotyping for rs2067474 was performed with the TaqMan probe-based system using a commercially available probe for RT-PCR. The frequency of the A allele in the gastric cancer group was 0.41% and in the control group - 1.54% (p = 0.231). No significant differences were found comparing genotypes between gastric cancer versus control patients (OR = 0.236, CI95% = 0.030-1.896), patients with (n = 165) versus without (n = 485) gastric metaplastic lesions (OR = 0.854, CI95% = 0.288-2.540) and patients with (n = 297) and without (n = 353) gastric atrophic lesions (OR = 1.145, CI95% = 0.451-2.906). Our findings suggest that the HRH2 -1018G>A polymorphism (rs2067474) is neither associated with gastric cancer nor the grade of atrophic gastritis in the Latvian (Caucasian) population.Peer reviewe

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Assessment of DVB-T Compatibility with LTE in Adjacent Channels in 700 MHz Band

The 2012 World Radiocommunication Conference allocated the 694 MHz 790 MHz (700 MHz) band to the International Telecommunication Union Region 1, which includes also Europe, for the mobile service on a co-primary basis with other services to which this band is allocated on a primary basis, and was identified to the International Mobile Telecommunications. However, countries of Region 1 will also be able to continue the use of these frequencies for their digital terrestrial television services, if necessary. This allocation will be effective immediately after the 2015 World Radiocommunication Conference. The objective of this paper is to assess the electromagnetic compatibility of Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial operating below 694 MHz and mobile broadband (LTE) operating in 700 MHz band. The Minimum Coupling Loss method and Monte Carlo simulation within SEAMCAT software was used for interference analysis. An adjacent channel scenario between Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial and LTE was performed to evaluate the impact of Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial on LTE systems. The results obtained provide the minimum coupling distance required between Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial and LTE in the 700 MHz band to maintain the necessary performance level of the LTE system

Evaluation of LTE and Aeronautical Radionavigation Service electromagnetic compatibility in 694–790 MHz frequency band

In 2012 the 694 - 790 MHz (700 MHz) band was allocated to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Region 1 for mobile service (excluding aeronautical mobile), and was identified to the International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT). However, countries of Region 1 listed in Radio Regulations footnote No. 5.31 2 will also be able to continue using of these frequencies for their aeronautical radionavigation service (ARNS). This allocation comes into force immediately after the 2015 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC - 15). The objective of this article is to assess the electromagnetic compatibility of aeronautical radionavigation service and mobile service operating in 694 MHz – 790 MHz. For interference analysis the Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) method and Monte Carlo method simulation was used. The obtained results provide the minimum coupling distance required between ARNS and mobile service Long Term Evolution (LTE) stations to maintain the required performance level of the ARNS systems

Epidemiology and surgical treatment of gastric cancer in Latvia

The aim of the study was to evaluate short- and long-term results of surgical treatment of gastric cancer performed in Latvia Oncology Centre. Retrospectively data was collected from 461 patients who underwent gastrectomy with curative intent in the Latvia Oncology Centre from January 2001 to December 2005. The data was subjected to statistical analysis. On average, 92.2 (range 81-102) R0-R1 gastrectomies were performed each year. Post-operative complications occurred in 75 patients (16.3%); in-hospital mortality was 3.3%. The overall 5-year survival was 50.8%. In 444 cases (96.3%) there was histopathologic confirmation of R0-resection with a 5-year survival of 52.5% (P < 0.001). Considering pT category, 5-year survival (median) was 88.6% (not reached) for pT1 patients, 65% (not reached) for pT2, 42.3% (35.7 months) for pT3 and 27% (14.2 months) for pT4 (P < 0.001). Considering the pN category, 5-year survival (median) was 67% (not reached) for pN0 patients, 30% (22.1 months) for pN1 and 29% (14.2 months) for pN2-3 (P < 0.001). Short- as well as long-term results are comparable with Western experiences, but not for pN+ patients where no difference between pN1 and pN2 cases was observed

Ratio between metastatic and examined lymph nodes (N ratio) may have low clinical utility in gastric cancer patients treated by limited lymphadenectomy: results from a single-center experience of 526 patients

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the ratio of metastatic to examined lymph nodes (N ratio) in gastric cancer patients who underwent limited lymphadenectomy and had a small number (a parts per thousand currency sign15) of analyzed nodes.The prognostic value of the actual AJCC/UICC pN staging system and the N ratio (0%, 1-25%, > 25%) were analyzed by means of univariate and multivariate analyses for 526 patients who underwent R0 resection for gastric adenocarcinoma at the Latvia Oncology Center.The mean (SD) number of analyzed nodes was 5.6 (2.8). The number of positive nodes significantly increased with the number of analyzed nodes (p < 0.001). No significant differences in survival (p = 0.508) and risk of death (p = 0.224) were observed between pN1 and pN2 subsets. When the N ratio (1-25% vs. > 25%) was taken into account, a significant difference was demonstrated between pNR1 and pNR2 with respect to survival (p = 0.017) and risk of death (p = 0.012). Nonetheless, the joint allocation of the two classifications demonstrated that only a minority of patients (28 cases) belonged to the pNR1 subset and none of these belonged to the AJCC/UICC pN2 subset.When a small number of lymph nodes are analyzed, the N ratio can discriminate patients better than TNM classification. However, because a small number of retrieved nodes produced only a small number of pNR1 patients, the N ratio classification cannot be justified for clinical use

Lack of Association Between Rs2067474 Polymorphism in the Histamine Receptor H2 Gene and Gastric Cancer In Latvian Population

Funding Information: The study was partly supported by the Latvian Government Research Programme BIOMEDICINE 2014–2017 Project Nr. 4 “Study of gastric cancer mortality reduction capability in Latvia”. Publisher Copyright: © 2018 Georgijs Moisejevs et al.Histamine has an important role in the process of the gastric mucosa inflammation acting via histamine receptor H2 (encoded by the gene HRH2). Single nucleotide polymorphism of the enhancer element of HRH2 gene promoter rs2067474 (1018G>A)may be associated with changes of expression of the receptor. We attempted to clarify the association of this polymorphism with gastric cancer and/or atrophic gastritis in the Latvian (Caucasian) population. The study group consisted of 121 gastric cancer patients and 650 patients with no evidence of gastric neoplasia on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Genotyping for rs2067474 was performed with the TaqMan probe-based system using a commercially available probe for RT-PCR. The frequency of the A allele in the gastric cancer group was 0.41% and in the control group - 1.54% (p = 0.231). No significant differences were found comparing genotypes between gastric cancer versus control patients (OR = 0.236, CI95% = 0.030-1.896), patients with (n = 165) versus without (n = 485) gastric metaplastic lesions (OR = 0.854, CI95% = 0.288-2.540) and patients with (n = 297) and without (n = 353) gastric atrophic lesions (OR = 1.145, CI95% = 0.451-2.906). Our findings suggest that the HRH2 -1018G>A polymorphism (rs2067474) is neither associated with gastric cancer nor the grade of atrophic gastritis in the Latvian (Caucasian) population.Peer reviewe