ANÁLISE DE ANTOCIANINAS TOTAIS EM CASCAS DE LICHIA (Litchi chinensis)

Introdução e objetivos: A Litchi chinensis é um fruto subtropical de alto potencial devido ao seu sabor, valor nutritivo e atrativa cor da casca. As antocianinas, compostos que fornecem a cor avermelhada da casca, são compostos flavonoides que possuem capacidade antioxidante e podem ser utilizadas como corantes naturais na indústria de alimentos. Desta forma, objetivou-se analisar o teor de antocianinas totais em cascas de lichia. Metodologia: Foram utilizadas cascas de lichia, descartadas durante o processamento de polpas de frutas de uma agroindústria produtora de sorvetes, localizada em Goiânia, GO. As amostras foram congeladas e armazenadas em freezer a -18°C, até o momento de realização das análises. O conteúdo total de antocianinas foi estimado de acordo método descrito por Lees e Francis (1972)¹ e adaptado por Barcia, et al. (2012)². A leitura foi realizada em espectrofotômetro (BiospectroSP-220), no comprimento de onda de 535nm, sendo os resultados expressos em miligramas de cianidina-3-glicosídio por 100g de casca. Resultados e discussões: Obteve-se valor médio de 1,252 ± 0,12 mg de cianidina-3-glicosídeo 100g-1, e o coeficiente de variação foi de 9,6%. Sendo estes valores inferiores aos encontrados por Lima et al. (2010)3, os quais variaram de 86,7 a 94,1 mg de cianidina-3-glicosídeo 100g-1 em casca de lichia fresca. Esta diferença pode ser justificada pelo fato das cascas deste trabalho terem sido obtidas de um resíduo agroindustrial, pois segundo Zhang et al. (2004)4. O índice de escurecimento da lichia aumenta durante o armazenamento à temperatura ambiente, assim como a concentração de antocianina diminui marcadamente. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que o tipo de tratamento que as cascas de lichia receberam na indústria, antes da realização das análises, tem grande influência no teor de antocianinas das cascas

AVALIAÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE IN VITRO DE CAGAITA MADURA.

Introdução e objetivos: Eugenia dysenterica DC. (Myrtaceae), popularmente conhecida como cagaita, é uma frutífera nativa do cerrado. Seus frutos podem ser consumidos in natura ou processados. A polpa de cagaita apresenta elevada concentração de ácidos linoleico e linolênico, vitamina C e compostos antioxidantes. Os métodos in vitro de avaliação da capacidade antioxidante tornaram-se importante ferramenta pela crescente busca por novos antioxidantes naturais, com aplicação nas indústrias de alimentos, cosméticos, farmacêuticase na prática clínica¹. Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a atividade antioxidante in vitro do fruto de cagaita madura por meio de três diferentes extratos: aquoso, etéreo e etanólico. Metodologia: A atividade antioxidante foi determinada pelo método do DPPH (2,2 difenil-1-picrilhidrazil), segundo Brand-Williamset al. (1995)² com modificações de Borguini (2006)³. A leitura foi realizada no comprimento de onda à 517 nm e os resultados foram expressos em % de descoloração do DPPH. Resultados e discussão: O processo de extração, utilizando solventes com diferentes polaridades, possibilitou a extração de substâncias antioxidantes em quantidades variadas. Observou-se que o extrato aquoso exibiu maior potencial de antioxidante, com valor médio de 27,07±0,73% de descoloração do DPPH, quando comparados aos extratos etéreo (23,43±0,87) e etanólico (14,75±2,73). Segundo Pellegrini et al. (2007)4 e Melo et al. (2008)5, a solubilidade, em determinado solvente, é característica peculiar do fitoquímico, o que justifica a inexistência de um procedimento universal de extração em função da diversidade estrutural e sensibilidade dos compostos antioxidantes às condições de extração. Conclusão: Por meio dos resultados apresentados, pode-se concluir que a cagaita madura possui substâncias com capacidade antioxidante eficaz como fruto do cerrado e maior extração no extrato aquoso

Otimização da etapa de extração do ácido clavulânico presente no caldo de fermentação utilizando misturas de solventes

The purpose of this work was to study four different solvent mixtures intended to increase the yield of the extraction stage of clavulanic acid (CA), which is one of the steps in the purification process. Four central composite rotatable designs (CCRD) were utilized to optimize the solvent mixtures. The variables selected for the factorial design were solvent mixture ratio (mL/mL) and temperature (ºC). The results showed that the yield of CA extracted from fermentation broth with the solvent mixtures of methyl-ethyl-ketone and ethyl acetate, and methyl-isobutyl-ketone and ethyl acetate (44.7 and 50.0%, respectively) was higher than that of the individual ethyl acetate alone (36.5%)

Terapia celular na regeneração e recuperação funcional do defeito agudo do nervo tibial em coelhos

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Assessing the potential of environmental DNA metabarcoding for monitoring Neotropical mammals: a case study in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest, Brazil

The application of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding as a biomonitoring tool has greatly increased, but studies have focused on temperate aquatic macro-organisms. We apply eDNA metabarcoding to detecting the mammalian community in two high-biodiversity regions of Brazil: the Amazon and Atlantic Forests. We identified Critically Endangered and Endangered mammalian species and found overlap with species identified via camera trapping. We highlight the potential for using eDNA monitoring for mammals in biodiverse regions and identify challenges: we need a better understanding of the ecology of eDNA within variable environments and more appropriate reference sequences for species identification in these anthropogenically impacted biomes. © 2020 The Mammal Society and John Wiley & Sons Lt

Increased expression of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells correlates with Epstein-Barr virus and has no impact on survival in patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma in Brazil

The tumor microenvironment of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is clearly responsible for the maintenance of the malignant Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been shown to play a role in this immune evasion. EBV can increase the migration of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) lymphocytes, named regulatory T cells (Tregs). in this study, we assessed the distribution and biological significance of Tregs in patients with cHL. Tissue microarrays were constructed using diagnostic biopsies available in 130 cHL patients and stained with CD4, CD8, CD25, and FOXP3 antibodies. for the present study, only cHL patients whose histology could be confirmed and EBV association established were studied. From the 130 cHL patients selected for this study, 56 were classified as EBV-related and 74 EBV non-related cHL. There were no association between clinical characteristics and the expression of Tregs. However, higher levels of Tregs correlated with EBV presence on HRS cells (p = 0.02), although it did not influence event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (p = 0.98 and p = 0.59, respectively). This study demonstrates that Tregs expression correlates with EBV presence in HRS cells and has no impact on survival of patients with cHL. Further studies investigating the mechanisms in which EBV recruits Tregs to the tumor microenvironment will contribute not only to our understanding on the pathogenesis of cHL but also to the development of new therapeutic strategies.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Oncol Clin & Expt, Disciplina Hematol & Hemoterapia, BR-04023060 São Paulo, BrazilHosp AC Camargo Fund Antonio Prudente, Dept Patol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Oncol Clin & Expt, Disciplina Hematol & Hemoterapia, BR-04023060 São Paulo, BrazilCNPq: 563010/2008-8Web of Scienc

Tracing the Origin and Northward Dissemination Dynamics of HIV-1 Subtype C in Brazil

<div><p>Previous studies indicate that the HIV-1 subtype C epidemic in southern Brazil was initiated by the introduction of a single founder strain probably originating from east Africa. However, the exact country of origin of such a founder strain as well as the origin of the subtype C viruses detected outside the Brazilian southern region remains unknown. HIV-1 subtype C <i>pol</i> sequences isolated in the southern, southeastern and central-western Brazilian regions (<i>n</i> = 209) were compared with a large number (<i>n</i> ~ 2,000) of subtype C <i>pol</i> sequences of African origin. Maximum-likelihood analyses revealed that most HIV-1 subtype C Brazilian sequences branched in a single monophyletic clade (C_BR-I), nested within a larger monophyletic lineage characteristic of east Africa. Bayesian analyses indicate that the C_BR-I clade most probably originated in Burundi and was introduced into the Paraná state (southern region) around the middle 1970s, after which it rapidly disseminated to neighboring regions. The states of Paraná and Santa <i>Catarina</i> have been the most important hubs of subtype C dissemination, and routine travel and spatial accessibility seems to have been the major driving forces of this process. Five additional introductions of HIV-1 subtype C strains probably originated in eastern (<i>n</i> = 2), southern (<i>n</i> = 2) and central (<i>n</i> = 1) African countries were detected in the Rio de Janeiro state (southeastern region). These results indicate a continuous influx of HIV-1 subtype C strains of African origin into Brazil and also unveil the existence of unrecognized transmission networks linking this country to east Africa.</p> </div

ML tree of HIV-1 subtype C pol (~1,000 bp) sequences from Brazil (<i>n</i> = 209) and the central (<i>n</i> = 53), eastern (<i>n</i> = 332) and southern (<i>n</i> = 645) African regions.

<p>The color of the branches represents the geographic region from where the subtype C sequences originated, according to the legend and map provide in the figure. The dotted boxes highlight the position of the Brazilian subtype C lineages (C_BR-II to C_BR-IV) that branched outside the major Brazilian clade (C_BR-I). A close view of the minor Brazilian subtype C lineages and the most closely related African sequences is also provided. For visual clarity, the Brazilian clade C_BR-I and some clades that comprised mostly sequences from central, eastern or southern Africa were collapsed into triangles. The <i>aLRT</i> support values are indicated only at key nodes. The tree was rooted using HIV-1 subtype A1 and D reference sequences (black branches). Horizontal branch lengths are drawn to scale with the bar at the bottom indicating nucleotide substitutions per site.</p

Time-scaled Bayesian MCC tree of the HIV-1 C_BR-II to C_BR-VI lineages and the most closely related reference sequences.

<p>Branches are colored according to the most probable location state of their descendent nodes. The legend for the colors is shown on the left. The boxes highlight the position of the minor Brazilian HIV-1 subtype C clades. The <i>PP</i> support is indicated only at key nodes. The scale bar at the bottom indicates years. The tree was automatically rooted under the assumption of a relaxed molecular clock. Graphics on the right depict the <i>PSP</i> distributions at the first ancestral nodes of Brazilian subtype C lineages at the Bayesian MCC tree. Countries represented are AO (Angola), BI (Burundi), KE (Kenya), ZA (South Africa), ZM (Zambia) and others (from Asia and Europe).</p

Political map of Brazil showing the country regions and states.

<p>Boundaries of regions and states are indicated by black and gray lines, respectively. The position of the eight states analyzed in the present study is indicated with a two letter code: GO (Goiás), MT (Mato Grosso), MS (Mato Grosso do Sul), PR (Paraná), RJ (Rio de Janeiro), RS (Rio Grande do Sul), SC (Santa Catarina) and SP (São Paulo). The number and sampling dates of HIV-1 subtype C pol sequences from each location included in the present study are indicated.</p