Modelo para explicar valores elevados de pH em um solo sódico alcalino

For alkali sodic soils (pH>;8.5), the "hydrolysis of exchangeable sodium" has been used as a possible explanation for the alkalinity production and rise in pH of these soils. As an alternative to this hypothesis, a model was developed to simulate and to explain that the alkalinity production and rise in pH is possible in a soil that accumulates alkaline sodium salts and CaCO3. Several simulations were performed by using different combinations of CO2 partial pressures (P), presence or absence of MgCO3, along with experimental values of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and ion concentrations in saturation extracts from an alkali sodic soil (named Pantanal). A hypothetical system with similar conditions to the Pantanal soil but with a Gapon selectivity coefficient (KG) of 0.01475 (mmol L-1)-1/2 was also considered. Good agreement was obtained between experimental and predicted values for pH and ion concentrations in the soil solution when the model (without MgCO3) was applied to the Pantanal soil. However, KG values calculated for the Pantanal soil were generally higher than 0.01475 (mmol L-1)-1/2. Moreover, high pH values and elevated ionic strength were obtained when a KG of 0.01475 (mmol L-1)-1/2 was used at high ESP (similar to those found in the Pantanal soil). KG values obtained for the Pantanal soil and the results obtained in the simulation of the hypothetical system are suggesting that a value higher than 0.01475 (mmol L-1)-1/2 should be used to adequately simulate the behavior of the Pantanal soil at low ionic strength and high ESP values.Em solos alcalino sódicos (pH>;8,5), a "hidrólise de sódio trocável" tem sido usada como uma possível explicação para a produção de álcali e elevação do pH nestes solos. Como uma alternativa a essa hipótese, um modelo foi desenvolvido para simular e explicar que a produção de álcali e elevação do pH é possível num solo que acumula sais alcalinos de sódio e CaCO3. Várias simulações foram feitas fazendo uso de diferentes combinações da pressão parcial de CO2 (P), presença ou ausência de MgCO3, com valores experimentais da porcentagem de sódio trocável (ESP) e concentrações de íons em extratos de saturação de um solo sódico alcalino (chamado Pantanal). Um sistema hipotético com condições similars ao solo Pantanal mas com um coeficiente de selectividade de Gapon (KG) de 0,01475 (mmol L-1)-1/2 foi, também, considerado. Boa concordância foi obtida entre os valores experimentais e os predezidos para o pH e concentração de íons na solução do solo quando o modelo (sem MgCO3) foi aplicado ao solo Pantanal. Porém, valores de KG calculados para o solo Pantanal estiveram muito acima de 0,01475 (mmol L-1)-1/2. Além disso, elevados valores de pH e da força iónica foram obtidos quando o KG de 0,01475 (mmol L-1)-1/2 foi usado a altos ESP. Valores de KG obtidos para o solo Pantanal e os resultados achados na simulação do sistema hipotético sugerem que um valor maior de 0,01475 (mmol L-1)-1/2 poderia ser empregado adequadamente para simular o comportamento do solo Pantanal a baixa força iônica e altos valores de ESP

Crescimento vegetativo de sorgo granífero em resposta à nutrição fosfatada

Morphological variables such as phytomass, plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, have been used to express the influence of mineral nutrients on plant growth patterns, since the vegetative development responds, in general, favorably to fertilizer applications. This work evaluates the effect of P on both, some morphological characteristics and total [P] in the shoot of eight grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes. Genetic materials were grown in nutrient solution under three concentrations of P (0; 0.5 and 1.0 mmol L-1). Plants were harvested 41 days after sowing, and leaf area per plant (LA), number of leaves (NL) per plant, root volume (RV), plant height (PH), root dry matter (RDM), shoot dry matter (SDM), total dry matter (TDM), RDM/SDM ratio, and total P concentration in shoot were determined. RDM/SDM was high for treatment P(0) and diminished about twice when P was added. Lack of applied P decreased the final NL and LA. Shoot [P] was positively correlated with solution [P], but the increase in P concentration in the nutrient solution from 0.5 to 1.0 mmol L-1 had a negative effect on growth. Both under deficiency and sufficiency conditions of P, Himeca-101 showed the best behavior in terms of RDM, SDM, TDM, RV, LA and NL. LA and PH were identified as the best indicators to predict dry matter yield of sorghum plants under P supply conditions.Peso da matéria (fresca e/ou seca), altura de planta, área foliar e número de folhas por planta são variáveis usadas para estudar o efeito dos nutrientes minerais sobre o crescimento das plantas ou de alguns de seus órgãos. Assim, é indicado que o crescimento vegetativo responde favoravelmente a aplicações de P. Avaliou-se o efeito do P em oito genótipos de sorgo granífero (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Os materiais genéticos foram crescidos em solução nutritiva sob condições de casa de vegetação, com três concentrações de P (0, 0,5 e 1,0 mmol L-1). Plantas foram colhidas 41 dias após a semeadura e o número de folhas por planta (NL), área foliar por planta (LA), volume de raízes (RV), altura de planta (PH), matéria seca de raízes (RDM), matéria seca da parte aérea (SDM), matéria seca total (TDM), razão raiz/parte aérea (RDM/SDM) e o teor de P total na parte aérea foram usados para avaliar o crescimento vegetativo. RDM/SDM foi alta no tratamento deficiente em P e diminuiu perto de duas vezes nos tratamentos que receberam o nutriente. [P] na parte aérea foi positivamente correlacionada à [P] na solução nutritiva. Observou-se diminuição do crescimento quando os genotipos passaram de 0,5 a 1,0 mmol L-1. Sob condições de carência e suprimento de P, Himeca-101 mostrou o melhor comportamento em termos de RDM, SDM, TDM, RV, LA e NL. LA e PH foram os melhores indicadores para predizer o rendimento da matéria seca sob condições de suprimento de P

Minhocas e Fusarium oxysporum: efeito no crescimento e produção do morangueiro

Earthworms are soil invertebrates that play an important environmental role and are often referred to as “ecosystem engineers”. These invertebrates can influence several organisms, from microscopic life forms to plants. Although many works had reported positive effects of earthworms on plant growth, studies combining these invertebrates and soil pathogens showed numerous positive interactions. Fusarium wilt is a global disease that can cause severe damage to strawberry fields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae) in strawberry plants. This greenhouse experiment was carried out in the University of Seville School of Agricultural Engineering, Utrera City, Spain. Strawberries (Rooted cuttings) were planted in plastic pots and administered the following treatments: Control (absence of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae and earthworms), T1 (absence of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, two L. terrestris per pot), T2 (inoculum of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, absence of L. terrestris), and T3 (inoculum of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae and two L. terrestris). Weekly fruit production was measured for seven months. After this period the shoot fresh weight and the leaf nutrient content was measured. The results obtained showed no interaction between L. terrestris and F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae on strawberry production. T1 treatment resulted in fruit production superior to other treatments, including the control. An absence of differences in dry shoot matter was observed with earthworm treatment, and small differences were found in the leaf nutrient content. The earthworm inoculation was unable to suppress the negative effects of Fusarium wilt in strawberry production. However, positive effects such as a reduction in the disease severity were found in the earthworm treated plants. In treatments without F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae inoculation, the presence of earthworms increased plant productivity by 44.21 g per pot, compared with the control

Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction of Volatile Compounds in Vinegar: Validation Study and Comparison With Solid Phase Microextraction

Stir bar sorptive extraction was evaluated for analysing volatiles in vinegar. The procedure developed shows detection and quantitation limits, and linear ranges adequate for analysing this type of compounds. The accuracy obtained was close to 100%, with repeatability values lower than 13%. The extraction efficiency is inversely affected by the acetic acid content. Although the absolute areas decrease, the compound area/internal standard area ratio remains constant, so for quantitative analysis, the acetic acid concentration does not affect the analytical data. The method was compared with a previous SPME method. Similar performance characteristics were obtained for both methodologies, with lower detection and quantitation limits and better repeatability reproducibility values for SBSE. Both analytical methods were used to analyse a variety of vinegars. The results obtained from both methods were in agreemen

The interaction of planetary nebulae and their AGB progenitors with the interstellar medium

Interaction with the Interstellar Medium (ISM) cannot be ignored in understanding planetary nebula (PN) evolution and shaping. In an effort to understand the range of shapes observed in the outer envelopes of PNe, we have run a comprehensive set of three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, from the beginning of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) superwind phase until the end of the post--AGB/PN phase. A 'triple-wind' model is used, including a slow AGB wind, fast post--AGB wind and third wind reflecting the linear movement through the ISM. A wide range of stellar velocities, mass-loss rates and ISM densities have been considered. We find ISM interaction strongly affects outer PN structures, with the dominant shaping occuring during the AGB phase. The simulations predict four stages of PN--ISM interaction whereby the PN is initially unaffected (1), then limb-brightened in the direction of motion (2), then distorted with the star moving away from the geometric centre (3) and finally so distorted that the object is no longer recognisable as a PN and may not be classed as such (4). Parsec-size shells around PN are predicted to be common. The structure and brightness of ancient PNe is largely determined by the ISM interaction, caused by rebrightening during the second stage; this effect may address the current discrepancies in Galactic PN abundance. The majority of PNe will have tail structures. Evidence for strong interaction is found for all known planetary nebulae in globular clusters.Comment: 22 pages, 16 figures, accepted by MNRAS (consists of 14 page journal paper and 8 page online-only appendix). Email C Wareing for high quality PDF versio

Funneliglomus, gen. nov., and Funneliglomus sanmartinensis, a new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus from the Amazonia region in Peru

A new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus was found in agricultural field sites in the Amazonia lowlands of the Department San Martin, Perú. It was found up to 858 m above sea level in two plantations of the inka nut (also called ‚sacha inchi', Plukenetia volubilis), which was grown in mixed cultures together with Musa sp., Zea mays, Phaseolus vulgaris and Carica papaya. The fungus was propagated in bait cultures in a greenhouse on Sorghum sp., Brachiaria sp., Medicago sativa and Plukenetia volubilis as host plants. The fungus differentiates orange brown to dark orange brown, triple-layered spores, 93-151× 90-148 µm in diameter, terminally on funnel-shaped to rarely cylindrical or slightly inflating hyphae, and a strong, straight to slightly recurved septum that closes the spore pore at the spore base. Phylogenetically, the new fungus represents clearly a new genus in a separated clade, near to Funneliformis and Septoglomus. It can easily be distinguished from all other species of these genera by the characteristic ornamentation of the spore surface, which consists of multiple large, irregular pits. The fungus is here described under the epithet Funneliglomus sanmartinensis, serving as type species of the new genus Funneliglomus