Geração e organização das informações da cana-de-açúcar: impactos das mudanças climáticas e avaliação espaço-temporal.

O objetivo geral deste trabalho é apresentar o processo de geração e organização das informações climáticas e geográficas necessárias para se realizar o Zae Cana de acordo com as definições impostas por esses dois ministérios

Gestão de informação do Projeto Scaf através dos softwares Plone e Árvore Hiperbólica.

A implantação de softwares livres como ferramentas de gestão de conteúdo e facilitadores no fluxo de informação é cada vez mais comum em muitas organizações. Com a utilização dos softwares, Plone e Árvore Hiperbólica foi desenvolvido o portal do Projeto SCAF, com uma estrutura que permite de maneira segura e dinâmica, liberdade para os usuários, mesmo de lugares e plataformas diferentes, produzirem, atualizarem e gerenciarem conteúdos, promovendo o trabalho corporativo. Objetivo. Assimilar o uso das ferramentas Plone e Árvore Hiperbólica, visando facilitar e automatizar o fluxo da informação, possibilitando aos colaboradores o acesso, edição e divulgação de artigos relacionados ao Projeto SCAF.Trabalho apresentado na V Mostra de Trabalhos de Estagiários e Bolsistas, Campinas, out. 2009

Water calcium concentration modifies whole-body calcium uptake in sea bream larvae during short-term adaptation to altered salinities

Whole-body calcium uptake was studied in gilthead sea bream larvae (9–83·mg) in response to changing environmental salinity and [Ca2+]. Calcium uptake increased with increased fish size and salinity. Fish exposed to calcium-enriched, diluted seawater showed increased calcium uptake compared with fish in diluted seawater alone. Calcium uptake was unchanged in Na+- enriched, diluted seawater. Overall, [Ca2+], and not salinity/osmolarity per se, appears to be the main factor contributing to calcium uptake. By contrast, drinking was reduced by a decrease in salinity/osmolarity but was little affected by external [Ca2+]. Calculations of the maximum contribution from drinking-associated calcium uptake showed that it became almost insignificant (less than 10%) through a strong decrease in drinking rate at low salinities (0–8‰). Diluted seawater enriched in calcium to the concentration present in full-strength seawater (i.e. constant calcium, decreasing salinity) restored intestinal calcium uptake to normal. Extra-intestinal calcium uptake also benefited from calcium addition but to a lesser extent

Coccolithophore fluxes in the open tropical North Atlantic: influence of thermocline depth, Amazon water, and Saharan dust

Coccolithophores are calcifying phytoplankton and major contributors to both the organic and inorganic oceanic carbon pumps. Their export fluxes, species composition, and seasonal patterns were determined in two sediment trap moorings (M4 at 12 degrees N, 49 degrees W and M2 at 14 degrees N, 37 degrees W) collecting settling particles synchronously from October 2012 to November 2013 at 1200 m of water depth in the open equatorial North Atlantic. The two trap locations showed a similar seasonal pattern in total coccolith export fluxes and a predominantly tropical coccolithophore settling assemblage. Species fluxes were dominated throughout the year by lower photic zone (LPZ) taxa (Florisphaera profunda, Gladiolithus flabellatus) but also included upper photic zone (UPZ) taxa (Umbellosphaera spp., Rhabdosphaera spp., Umbilicosphaera spp., Helicosphaera spp.). The LPZ flora was most abundant during fall 2012, whereas the UPZ flora was more important during summer. In spite of these similarities, the western part of the study area produced persistently higher fluxes, averaging 241 x 10(7) +/- 76 x 10(7) coccoliths m(-2) d(-1) at station M4 compared to only 66 x 10(7) +/- 31 x 10(7) coccoliths m(-2) d(-1) at station M2. Higher fluxes at M4 were mainly produced by the LPZ species, favoured by the westward deepening of the thermocline and nutricline. Still, most UPZ species also contributed to higher fluxes, reflecting enhanced productivity in the western equatorial North Atlantic. Such was the case of two marked flux peaks of the more opportunistic species Gephyrocapsa muellerae and Emiliania huxleyi in January and April 2013 at M4, indicating a fast response to the nutrient enrichment of the UPZ, probably by wind-forced mixing. Later, increased fluxes of G. oceanica and E. huxleyi in October-November 2013 coincided with the occurrence of Amazon-River-affected surface waters. Since the spring and fall events of 2013 were also accompanied by two dust flux peaks, we propose a scenario in which atmospheric dust also provided fertilizing nutrients to this area. Enhanced surface buoyancy associated with the river plume indicates that the Amazon acted not only as a nutrient source, but also as a surface density retainer for nutrients supplied from the atmosphere. Nevertheless, lower total coccolith fluxes during these events compared to the maxima recorded in November 2012 and July 2013 indicate that transient productivity by opportunistic species was less important than "background" tropical productivity in the equatorial North Atlantic. This study illustrates how two apparently similar sites in the tropical open ocean actually differ greatly in ecological and oceanographic terms. The results presented here provide valuable insights into the processes governing the ecological dynamics and the downward export of coccolithophores in the tropical North Atlantic.Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [822.01.008]; European Research Council (ERC) [311152]; University of Bremen; European Union [600411]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effects of salinity challenge on the endocrine control of osmoregulation and calcium homeostasis in the sea bream

The gilthead sea bream (Sparus auratu) is a marine species often found in coastal lagoons, experimenting episodic exposures to both brackish and hypersaline environments. However, little is known about the underlying endocrine mechanisms controlling osmoregulation in this and in most marine species. This study aimed at characterising some of the endocrine basis of sea bream osmoregulation, with emphasis on calcium homeostasis. Juvenile fish were exposed to different salinities, either by direct transfer or continuous adaptation over a short period of time. Salinities ranged from 0 to 55 p.p.t. and sampling was carried out 4, 24, 96 and 192 h after transfer. Six fish per group and per time point were sacrificed and plasma and tissue samples were collected. Osmolarity, osmolites and cortisol were measured in plasma. Prolactin, growth hormone, stanniocalcin, and calcitonin mRNA expressions were determined by PCR and northern blot. Mortality occurred after 4 hours in FW. Sea bream fry (2 month old, 20-60 may) were exposed to hypersaline and dilute seawater loaded with Ca and calcium fluxes were determined. Exposure of fry to lowered external salinity (50 and 25% SW) resulted in no mortality within 24 h and significantly decreased whole body calcium influx. Results will be discussed in relation to gene expression.PMG is in receipt of a PRAXIS XXI grant BD/9207/96T. his study was funded by EC grant FAIR CT-96 1742

Wood consumption and pellet production by Azorean Kalotermitidae: Kalotermes flavicollis and Cryptotermes brevis

Existem nos Açores duas espécies de térmitas da família Kalotermitidae: a Kalotermes flavicollis é uma térmita de madeira verde e é uma praga urbana menor. A Cryptotermes brevis é uma térmita de madeira seca e é uma importante praga para mobiliário e estruturas. São analisadas as espécies de madeira consumidas por cada espécie nos Açores sendo descritas diferenças na cor, tamanho, forma, e modo de despejo das partículas fecais. A taxa de consumo de madeira e a produção de partículas fecais para a espécie Cryptotermes brevis foram estudadas em 49 tipos diferentes de madeiras. Verificou-se que duas espécies de madeira produzidas localmente e muito usadas na construção, Cryptomeria japonica e Eucalyptus sp., foram das mais consumidas, indicando a importância do desenvolvimento de um sistema local para tratamento por pressão em autoclave das madeiras. Entre as madeiras menos consumidas (mais resistentes) encontram-se espécies tropicais, como o Jatobá e a Maçaranduba. As partículas fecais que são expulsas das galerias pelas térmitas são a forma mais conspícua de detectar infestações por Cryptotermes brevis, dando bons meios para monitorizar a localização de térmitas, o tamanho da colónia e a sua actividade. Foi verificado que a expulsão de partículas fecais é descontínua. Contudo, alguns períodos de expulsão de partículas fecais são contínuos por alguns dias, com taxas de expulsões de 274 partículas fecais, por hora, com acumulações de até 7,8 gramas num período de duas semanas.ABSTRACT: Two termite species of the family Kalotermitidae occur in the Azores: Kalotermes flavicollis is a dampwood termite and minor house pest. Cryptotermes brevis is a dry wood termite and a major pest of furniture and structures. Records of wood species consumed by each species in the Azores are reviewed. Differences in the color, size, shape, disposal of fecal pellets of each species are described. Rates of wood consumption, pellet production were experimentally studied for Cryptotermes brevis on 49 different wood species. Two wood species that are locally produced and widely utilized for construction, Cryptomeria japonica and Eucalyptus sp., were found to be among the most preferred woods for termite consumption indicating an important need for the development of an effective local pressure treatment system for preserving these woods. Least preferred (most resistant woods) included tropical hardwood species such as Jatobá and Maçaranduba. Fecal pellets expelled from galleries by termites are the most conspicuous evidence of Cryptotermes brevis infestations and provide a potential means of monitoring termite location, colony size and activity. Pellet expulsion was found to be discontinuous. However some bouts of pellet dumping were observed to be continuous for at least several days with rates of pellet expulsion of up to 274 pellets per hour, with pellet accumulations of as much as 7.8 grams over a two-week period

Flight and colony foundation of Azorean termites with emphasis on Cryptotermes brevis

Cada uma das três espécies de térmitas existentes no arquipélago açoriano apresenta um comportamento de voo em momentos distintos ao longo do dia e ao longo do ano. A Cryptotermes brevis tem o seu período de dispersão (de voo) entre os meses de Junho e Agosto no crepúsculo vespertino, a Kalotermes flavicollis de Setembro a Outubro, durante a tarde, e a Reticulitermes grassei tem o seu período de enxameamento na Primavera, durante a manhã. Das espécies referidas, a que apresenta maior importância, por constituir uma praga de dimensões consideráveis em algumas das ilhas, é a C. brevis, a única que tem um comportamento de voo nocturno, tornando, assim, possível o uso de armadilhas luminosas. As experiências aqui apresentadas contêm vários testes com diferentes tipos de luzes, fluorescentes e incandescentes, diferentes cores de armadilhas pegajosas, bem como diferentes tipos de colas e fitas colantes. Após o período de voo, as térmitas exibem uma sequência de comportamentos que foram observados e analisados. Foi estudado o tempo para cada um dos seguintes padrões de comportamento: libertação das asas, comportamento de procura (de um parceiro), formação de pares, selagem da câmara de reprodução (ou ninho), amputação das antenas, início da deposição de ovos e tempo até à primeira eclosão. A preferência por buracos de diferentes diâmetros e diferentes espécies de madeira foi também estudada, assim como a produção de ovos e as taxas de sobrevivência e de produção dos mesmos.ABSTRACT: Each of the three Azorean termite species flies during a different season and different time of the day. Cryptotermes brevis flies from June to August, at dusk; Kalotermes flavicollis flies from September to October, in the afternoon; and Reticulitermes grassei flies during the spring, probably during the morning hours. C. brevis is the most important pest and the only one that flies at night, therefore light trapping is possible. Experiments were conducted with fluorescent and incandescent lights, different colours of sticky traps and different kinds of glue or tape. Following the dispersal flight, the termite exhibits a sequence of behaviours which were observed and analysed. The timing of the follow behavioural events was studied: de-alation, searching behaviour, tandem running, sealing the copulation, de-antennation, commencement of oviposition and time to first hatch. Hole size and wood species preferences for colony establishment were also investigated. In addition, egg production and colony survival rates on different woods were studied

Treatment of Cryptotermes brevis infestations in furniture with heat, solid fumigants and inert gases

A Cryptotermes brevis é uma térmita extraordinária na sua capacidade única de atacar madeira extremamente seca. É, igualmente, extraordinária na capacidade de atacar uma grande variedade de tipos de madeira, o que nos leva a concluir como sendo a única espécie de térmitas que é facilmente encontrada em mobílias. Como tal, é muito fácil a sua dispersão aquando do transporte de mobílias infestadas, de lugar para lugar, e esta é uma das principais razões pela qual esta térmita consegue ter uma distribuição tão ampla em áreas urbanas, em praticamente todo mundo. É muito provável que a sua introdução nos Açores tenha sido através de mobília infestada e que a dispersão contínua que se tem verificado de cidade para cidade seja devido a essa razão. Ou seja, o tratamento de mobílias é uma componente importante de um programa integrado para lidar com o controlo e contenção desta espécie de térmita. O objectivo deste trabalho é apresentar os resultados obtidos de três tipos de experiências para tratamento de mobílias infestadas com a Cryptotermis brevis. A primeira experiência consistiu num método muito simples, envolvendo o selar de um objecto infestado dentro de um saco de plástico preto, sendo este colocado num local fora do laboratório, a fim de se encontrar em plena exposição solar durante o mês de Agosto. O método seguinte consistiu em selar um objecto infestado num recipiente com um de três tipos de fumigantes sólidos: bolas de naftalina, para-dichlorobenzeno ou dichlorvos (Vapona®). O último método envolveu um teste de anóxia, em que um de três tipos de gases inertes, azoto (N2), dióxido de carbono (CO2) ou árgon (Ar), foi usado para substituir o ar existente dentro de um saco plástico (bolha) selado, contendo um objecto infestado.ABSTRACT: Cryptotermis brevis is an extraordinary termite in its unique ability to attack extremely dry wood. It is also unique in its ability to attack a wide variety of wood species. This leads to it being one of the only termites in the world which is commonly found attacking furniture. As such, it is easily moved when people move their furniture from place to place and this is one of the reasons why this termite has become widely dispersed to urban areas around the world. It is very likely it was first introduced into the Azores with furniture and that its continued dispersal from island to island and town to town will be by the further movement of infested furniture. Therefore furniture treatment is an important component of an integrated program for dealing with the control and containment of this pest species. The objective of this presentation is to explain the results of three types of experimental furniture treatment that we conducted. The first of these was a simple method involving the sealing of an infested item inside a black plastic bag which was then placed in full sun exposure outdoors during the month of August. The next method involved sealing an infested item in a container with one of three solid fumigants: naphthalene (moth balls), para-dichlorobenzene (PDB moth balls), or dichlorvos (Vapona®). The final method involved anoxia test in which one of three inert gases, either nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), or argon (Air) gases were used to displace the air in a sealed bag holding an infested item

Phylogeny, biogeography and ecology of azorean termites

Three species of termites are currently known in the archipelago (the European dampwood termite, Kalotermes flavicollis, the West Indies drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis, and the Iberian subterranean termite Reticulitermes grassei). All these three species are "lower termites", that is, primitive species having simple galleries but not well formed nests, tending to be less socially advanced and to occur in more temperate latitudes, generally eating only wood but not other types of cellulose, and all having flagellates in the gut. Kalotermes flavicollis is native to most of the Mediterranean region and was probably introduced in the islands many decades ago through vineyard or orchard stocks. In Terceira Island, K. flavicollis is common in the heartwood of several trees and shrubs along the coast. Its colony members may exceed 1000 but the average colony has 600. This termite has been considered as a minor structural pest in a few houses, but structural infestations by this species only occur in association with moisture due to leaks or condensation. Cryptotermes brevis is the most destructive drywood termite pest in the world. Due to its exceptional ability to withstand wood with low moisture content it is able to attack all kinds of dead and dry wood with a strong preference for sapwood over heartwood. It attacks wood in service including structural timbers, beams, studs, rafters, cladding, flooring, molding, doors, window frames and wooden articles such as carvings, tools, picture frames, musical instruments, looms, bed posts, and almost all forms of wood. Serious infestations of this termite are currently known in São Miguel, Terceira, Faial and Santa Maria Islands. Local research has shown that colony size may range up to about 300 but that average colony size is only 45 individuals. Severe damage results not from individual colonies but from high levels of reinfestation leading to the establishment of large numbers of colonies. Successful colony foundation by this termite is promoted by the widespread occurrence of several anobiid beetles whose exit holes in wood provide ideal entrance holes for termite alates. Reticulitermes grassei, a subterranean termite, has only been found in the Azores Archipelago, in the Horta city (Faial Island) where it has been causing severe damage to a few buildings. Reticulitermes colonies may grow to millions of individuals promoted by numerous nymphoid reproductive’s which develop within colonies. Unlike the other two species, colonies of Reticulitermes may spread by tunnelling through the ground

Portuguese fish producers’ organisations: some concerns

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio