Recent Progress in Organic Solar Cells: A Review on Materials from Acceptor to Donor

In the last few decades, organic solar cells (OSCs) have drawn broad interest owing to their advantages such as being low cost, flexible, semitransparent, non-toxic, and ideal for roll-to-roll large-scale processing. Significant advances have been made in the field of OSCs containing high-performance active layer materials, electrodes, and interlayers, as well as novel device structures. Particularly, the innovation of active layer materials, including novel acceptors and donors, has contributed significantly to the power conversion efficiency (PCE) improvement in OSCs. In this review, high-performance acceptors, containing fullerene derivatives, small molecular, and polymeric non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs), are discussed in detail. Meanwhile, highly efficient donor materials designed for fullerene- and NFA-based OSCs are also presented. Additionally, motivated by the incessant developments of donor and acceptor materials, recent advances in the field of ternary and tandem OSCs are reviewed as well

Critical Assessment of the High Carrier Mobility of Bilayer In2O3/IGZO Transistors and the Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract High‐performance bilayer In2O3/IGZO thin‐film transistors (TFTs) fabricated by pulsed laser deposition are reported. The TFTs exhibit an on/off current ratio of 109, a reversed subthreshold slope (ss) of 0.08 V dec−1, and a high saturation mobility of 47.9 cm2 V−1 s−1. The reliability of the mobility values is critically validated and assessed by four‐probe measurements, the transfer‐length method, and the temperature‐dependence. X‐ray photoelectron spectra are combined with C–V measurements to characterize the interface, and the results show that a two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG)‐like state accumulates at the In2O3/IGZO interface. However, this state only forms in the subthreshold region and does not cause the high carrier mobility in the region above the threshold. Instead, the enhanced carrier mobility results from the intrinsic high mobility of the In2O3, the smooth surface, and the low‐defect states in the In2O3/IGZO bilayer with a good percolation transport path

Provenance of Aerosol Black Carbon over Northeast Indian Ocean and South China Sea and Implications for Oceanic Black Carbon Cycling

Aerosol black carbon (BC) influencesclimate forcing. Applyingthe state-of-the-art of dual-carbon isotope technology, we identifiedsix isotope provinces of aerosol BC over a substantial oceanic region,each with distinct BC sources. Aerosol black carbon (BC) is a short-lived climate pollutant.Thepoorly constrained provenance of tropical marine aerosol BC hindersthe mechanistic understanding of extreme climate events and oceaniccarbon cycling. Here, we collected PM2.5 samples duringresearch cruise NORC2016-10 through South China Sea (SCS) and NortheastIndian Ocean (NEIO) and measured the dual-carbon isotope compositions(& delta;C-13-& UDelta; C-14)of BC using hydrogen pyrolysis technique. Aerosol BC exhibits sixdifferent & delta;C-13-& UDelta; C-14 isotopic spaces (i.e., isotope provinces). Liquid fossil fuel combustion,from shipping emissions and adjacent land, is the predominant sourceof BC over isotope provinces "SCS close to Chinese Mainland"(53.5%), "Malacca Strait" (53.4%), and "OpenNEIO" (40.7%). C-3 biomass burning is the major contributorto BC over isotope provinces "NEIO close to Southeast Asia"(55.8%), "Open NEIO" (41.3%), and "Open SCS"(40.0%). Coal combustion and C-4 biomass burning show highercontributions to BC over "Sunda Strait" and "OpenSCS" than the others. Overall, NEIO near the Bay of Bengal,Malacca Strait, and north SCS are three hot spots of fossil fuel-derivedBC; the first two areas are also hot spots of biomass-derived BC.The comparable & delta;C-13-& UDelta; C-14 between BC in aerosol and dissolved BC in surface seawatermay suggest atmospheric BC deposition as a potential source of oceanicdissolved BC