Determination of dimethyl selenide and dimethyl sulphide compounds causing off-flavours in bottled mineral waters

Sales of bottled drinking water have shown a large growth during the last two decades due to the general belief that this kind of water is healthier, its flavour is better and its consumption risk is lower than that of tap water. Due to the previous points, consumers are more demanding with bottled mineral water, especially when dealing with its organoleptic properties, like taste and odour. This work studies the compounds that can generate obnoxious smells, and that consumers have described like swampy, rotten eggs, sulphurous, cooked vegetable or cabbage. Closed loop stripping analysis (CLSA) has been used as a pre-concentration method for the analysis of off-flavour compounds in water followed by identification and quantification by means of GC-MS. Several bottled water with the aforementioned smells showed the presence of volatile dimethyl selenides and dimethyl sulphides, whose concentrations ranged, respectively, from 4 to 20 ng/L and from 1 to 63 ng/L. The low odour threshold concentrations (OTCs) of both organic selenide and sulphide derivatives prove that several objectionable odours in bottled waters arise from them. Microbial loads inherent to water sources, along with some critical conditions in water processing, could contribute to the formation of these compounds. There are few studies about volatile organic compounds in bottled drinking water and, at the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the presence of dimethyl selenides and dimethyl sulphides causing odour problems in bottled watersPostprint (published version

The interplay between short-term, mild physicochemical forcing and plankton dynamics in a coastal area

Two intensive surveys were conducted in the coastal waters of Barcelona (northwest Mediterranean) to assess short-term variations of biological parameters in relation to environmental conditions. Surveys lasted 1 week, with three to four samplings per day, and were carried out in autumn and spring. Rather than exploring extreme events, we aimed to study the effects of regular low or moderate perturbations, such as meteorological fronts, on the dynamics of the system. We focused on two attributes: wave height, as a proxy for mechanical energy entering the system, and nutrient inputs, whose variability in total load and relative composition is a central characteristic of coastal areas. The effects of the temporal coupling or uncoupling of both factors were examined. Sudden nutrient fluxes uncoupled from water motion tended to favor bacteria and heterotrophic nanoflagellates, while their concurrence with some water column mixing shaped a favorable scenario for large autotrophs. Ultimately, these two distinct biological responses pointed toward two main disturbance scenarios: episodes of nutrient enrichment uncoupled from mixing, mostly related to episodic water spills from the nearby city that contributed to high relative loads of ammonium and organic compounds; and episodes of increased wind caused by passing weather fronts that promoted some water column mixing and the entrainment of nutrients from bottom sediments or from adjacent water masses

Study of the presence of geosmin in bottled mineral water by CLSA and GC-MS

Organoleptic properties of water are the only means whereby a consumer can assess water quality and safety.Among these properties, taste and smell are the mostimportant. Geosmin is a compound whose presence hasbeen causing a large number of episodes about taste andsmell in drinking water. Its smell has been described as“earthy-musty”. In this study several samples of bottledmineral water having an “earthy-musty” off-flavor havebeen analysed and concentrations of geosmin above itsperception threshold have been detected. Closed LoopStripping Analysis (CLSA) has been used as extractionand concentration method. Detection and quantitation ofgeosmin have been carried out by gas chromatographymassspectrometry (GC-MS). Many studies have reported the presence of geosmin in water and drinking water, but to our knowledge, this study is the first one where geosmin has been detected in bottled mineral water

Análisis de episodios de viento en un área costera: una herramienta para la estimación de la variabilidad en la turbulencia en estudios con plancton

[EN] Turbulence at different scales, from generation to dissipation, influences planktonic communities. Many experimental studies have recently been done to determine the effects of small-scale turbulence on plankton, but it is difficult to state the relevance of the findings since there is little unbiased information on turbulence variability in the sea. In this study, we use wind velocity data series from several meteorological stations located along the Catalan coast to estimate the spatial and temporal variability of small-scale turbulence in the upper ocean. Using a peaks-over-threshold approach, we develop a statistical model to assess the frequency of wind events as a function of their persistence and intensity. Finally, the wind speed data series are converted into turbulent energy dissipation rate estimates at 1 m depth to determine the general distribution of turbulence on the Catalan coast. Geographical variability is larger than seasonal variability in frequency and persistence of wind events, owing to differences in local relief. These statistical models developed for wind events combined with empirical relationships between wind and turbulence, are tools for estimating the occurrence and persistence of turbulent events at a given location and season. They serve to put into context the past, present and future studies of the effects of turbulence on coastal planktonic organisms and processes[ES] La turbulencia a diferentes escalas, desde su generación a su disipación, afecta a la comunidad planctónica. Recientemente el interés por los efectos de la turbulencia de escala pequeña se ha desarrollado mucho, pero es difícil establecer la importancia de tales estudios, puesto que no hay información completa de la variabilidad de la turbulencia en el mar. En el presente trabajo, usamos series de datos de viento provenientes de diversas estaciones meteorológicas situadas a lo largo del litoral catalán para estudiar la variabilidad espacio-temporal de la turbulencia de escala pequeña. Mediante una aproximación POT ("peaks-over-threshold"), desarrollamos un modelo estadístico para estimar la frecuencia de episodios de viento, en función de su persistencia e intensidad. Los datos de velocidad de viento son utilizados para estimar las tasas de disipación de la energía turbulenta a 1 metro de profundidad, con el fin de determinar la distribución general de la turbulencia en la costa catalana. Debido al relieve local, la variabilidad geográfica es mayor que la estacional en la frecuencia y persistencia de episodios de viento. El modelo estadístico desarrollado, junto con relaciones empíricas entre viento y turbulencia, pueden ser usados para estimar la ocurrencia y frecuencia de episodios en una localidad y estación dadas. Sirven para poner en contexto estudios pasados, presentes y futuros sobre los efectos de la turbulencia en el planctonO.G. had a Spanish CSIC-I3P fellowship sponsored by INNOVA oceanografía litoral, S.L. This study was supported by the EU project NTAP (EVK3-CT-2000-00022) and Spanish projects TURFI (REN2002-01591/MAR) and VARITEC (REN2003-08071-C02-01/MAR). This is ELOISE contribution 519/40Peer reviewe

Modulation of ecdysal cyst and toxin dynamics of two Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) species under small-scale turbulence

Some dinoflagellate species have shown different physiological responses to certain turbulent conditions. Here we investigate how two levels of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates (epsilon = 0.4 and 27 cm(2) s(-3)) affect the PSP toxins and ecdysal cyst dynamics of two bloom forming species, Alexandrium minutum and A. catenella. The most striking responses were observed at the high epsilon generated by an orbital shaker. In the cultures of the two species shaken for more than 4 days, the cellular GTX(1+4) toxin contents were significantly lower than in the still control cultures. In A. minutum this trend was also observed in the C(1+2) toxin content. For the two species, inhibition of ecdysal cyst production occurred during the period of exposure of the cultures to stirring (4 or more days) at any time during their growth curve. Recovery of cyst abundances was always observed when turbulence stopped. When shaking persisted for more than 4 days, the net growth rate significantly decreased in A. minutum (from 0.25 +/- 0.01 day(-1) to 0.19 +/- 0.02 day(-1)) and the final cell numbers were lower (ca. 55.4%) than in the still control cultures. In A. catenella, the net growth rate was not markedly modified by turbulence although under long exposure to shaking, the cultures entered earlier in the stationary phase and the final cell numbers were significantly lower (ca. 23%) than in the control flasks. The described responses were not observed in the experiments performed at the low turbulence intensities with an orbital grid system, where the population development was favoured. In those conditions, cells appeared to escape from the zone of the influence of the grids and concentrated in calmer thin layers either at the top or at the bottom of the containers. This ecophysiological study provides new evidences about the sensitivity to high levels of small-scale turbulence by two life cycle related processes, toxin production and encystment, in dinoflagellates. This can contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of those organisms in nature

Control and automation in chemical engineering : problems

Descripció del recurs: 11 de maig de 2015This book shows a solved problems collection with the aim of covering the knowledge requirements of the students of Chemical Engineering. The book begins with feedback systems, after having seen the block diagrams, until the study of stability using the frequency response. Some problems about control systems that are not based on feedback systems, always applied on Chemical Processes (Chapters 1, 2 and 3). The second part of the book is focused on applying in a practical way the concepts of Automation and Control. The chapter 4 solves discrete systems using pneumatic elements and programmable logic devices (PLCs). Finally, chapter 5 deals with the control of continuous processes using a PLC

Seasonal changes in planktonic bacterivory rates under the ice-covered coastal Arctic Ocean

Bacterivory was determined in surface waters of Franklin Bay, western Arctic, over a seasonal ice-covered period (winter-spring, 2003-2004). The objectives were to obtain information on the functioning of the microbial food web under the ice, during winter (from 21 December 2003 to 21 March 2004) and during spring (from 22 March 2004 to 29 May 2004), and to test whether bacterial losses would increase after the increase in bacterial production following the spring phytoplankton bloom. Chl a concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 0.36 mu g L(-1), increasing in March and reaching a peak in April. Bacterial biomass showed no consistent trend for the whole period, and protist biomass followed a pattern similar to that of Chl a. Bacterial production increased 1 week after Chl a concentrations started to increase, while bacterivory rates increased very slightly. Average bacterivory rates in winter (0.16 +/- 0.07 mu g C L(-1) d(-1)) were not significantly different from those in spring (0.29 +/- 0.24 mu g C L(-1) d(-1)). Average bacterial production, on the other hand, was similar to bacterivory rates in winter (0.19 +/- 0.38 mu g C L(-1) d(-1)), but higher than bacterivory in spring (0.93 +/- 0.28 mu g C L(-1) d(-1)). Therefore, bacterial production was controlled by grazers during winter and by substrate concentration in spring

Compostos orgànics volàtils i semivolàtils presents en aigua envasada : extracció i anàlisi mitjançant GC-MS

Organoleptic properties of water are the only means whereby a consumer can assess water quality and safety. Among these properties, taste and odour are the most important. The first part of this study displays the water bottles that showed obnoxious odour with the aim of relating the analyte that generated that off-odour to a defined smell. The second part contains a deep study about the analytes coming from the packaging, cleaning and bottling processes. To isolate the volatile (VOCs) and semivolatile (SVOCs) organic compounds capable of generating off odours, the extraction method Closed Loop Stripping Analysis (CLSA) has been optimized. In relation to packaging materials, SDE (Simultaneous Distillation Extraction, aka Likens-Nickerson) extraction method has been applied. Liquid-liquid extraction method has also been applied in several isolations. As regard identification and quantification of compounds extracted a method has been established by means of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quality parameters of the most meaningful compounds, which have been found most frequently, have been calculated. Smell descriptors like "earthy-musty", "rotten", and "gasoil" have been matched with their generating compounds. Several compounds coming from the bottles, caps and cleaning processes have been isolated and identified. In addition, several causes that could generate some off-flavour in water have been suggested.Les propietats organolèptiques de l'aigua són la única via per la que un consumidor pot avaluar la seva qualitat i seguretat. De les esmentades propietats, el gust i la olor són les més importants. En la primera part d'aquest estudi s'han analitzat mostres d'aigua envasada que presentaven olors anòmales amb l'objectiu de relacionar l'analit que generava la mala olor amb una olor definida, i en la segona part s'ha profunditzat més en els analits provinents de l'envàs i dels processos de neteja de l'embotellament. Per a l'aïllament dels compostos orgànics volàtils (VOCs) susceptibles de generar l'olor anòmala s¿'ha optimitzat el mètode d'extracció closed loop stripping analysis (CLSA) mentre que per a l¿'estudi dels materials de l'envàs s'ha emprat la tècnica de destil·lació i extracció continua (SDE) també coneguda com a Likens Nickerson. Pel que fa a la identificació i la quantificació dels VOCs s'ha establert un mètode amb la tècnica de cromatografia de gasos acoblada a un detector d'espectrometria de masses (GC-MS). S'han calculat els paràmetres de qualitat del compostos més significatius trobats amb més freqüència. S'han pogut definir descriptors d'olors com "terra/mullada", "podrit" i "derivats de petroli". S'han descrit una sèrie de compostos provinents de l'ampolla, dels taps, dels processos de neteja de l'embotellament i de la contaminació externa. També es proposen una sèrie de causes que justificarien la presència dels compostos en aigua envasada trobats en aquets estudi. La concentració dels analits determinats en aquets estudi és de l'ordre de ng/L i no suposen cap risc per a la salut

[Corrigendum to] Effects of small-scale turbulence on lower trophic levels under different nutrient conditions [vol 32, pg 197, 2010]

Small-scale turbulence affects the pelagic food web and energy flow in marine systems and the impact is related to nutrient conditions and the assemblage of organisms present. We generated five levels of turbulence (2*10 29 to 1*10 24 W kg 21 ) in land-based mesocosms (volume 2.6 m 3 ) with and without additional nutrients (31:16:1 Si:N:P m M) to asses the effect of small-scale turbulence on the lower part of the pelagic food web under different nutrient conditions. The ecological influence of nutrients and small-scale turbulence on lower trophic levels was quantified using multivariate statistics (RDA), where nutrients accounted for 31.8% of the observed biological variation, while 7.2% of the variation was explained by small-scale turbulence and its interaction with nutrients. Chlorophyll a, primary production rates, bacterial production rates and diatom and dinoflagellate abundance were positively correlated to turbulence, regardless of nutrient conditions. Abundance of autotrophic flagellates, total phytoplankton and bacteria were positively correlated to turbulence only when nutrients were added. Impact of small-scale turbulence was related to nutrient con- ditions, with implications for oligotrophic and eutrophic situations. The effect on community level was also different compared to single species level. Microbial processes drive biogeochemical cycles, and nutrient-controlled effects of small-scale turbulence on such processes are relevant to foresee altered carbon flow in marine systems