Gestion pratique de la douleur chez le cheval

La douleur est l’expérience sensorielle d’une lésion. Elle engendre des réactions physiologiques néfastes qui justifient, en plus de principes éthiques, sa prise en charge. Ce concept n’a été que récemment pris en compte par la profession vétérinaire. La richesse de la bibliographie au sujet de la douleur des équidés témoigne de l’intérêt croissant qui lui est porté depuis une dizaine d’années. Nous tentons, grâce aux connaissances actuelles, d’offrir une synthèse pratique de la gestion de la douleur chez le cheval. La physiologie du phénomène algique, ses méfaits et son expression, connaissances indispensables à son approche raisonnée seront tout d’abord présentés. Puis nous développerons l’arsenal thérapeutique analgésique offert au praticien et aborderons les médecines complémentaires qui peuvent le compléter. Enfin, nous aborderons la gestion de deux algies classiques du cheval : les coliques digestives et les douleurs musculo-squelettiques

Distribution of nitrifying activity in the Seine River (France) from Paris to the estuary

The distribution of nitrification has been measured with the H14CO3- incorporation method in the Seine River and its estuary during summer conditions. The Seine River below Paris receives large amounts of ammonium through wastewater discharge. In the river itself, this ammonium is only slowly nitrified, while in the estuary nitrification is rapid and complete. We show that this contrasting behavior is related to the different hydrosedimentary conditions of the two systems, as nitrifying bacteria are associated with suspended particles. In the river, particles and their attached bacteria either rapidly settle or have a sestonic behavior. Because of the short residence times of the water masses, the dow growing nitrifying population has no time to develop sufficiently to nitrify the available ammonium. The estuary is characterized by strong tidal dynamics. Particles settle and are resuspended continuously with the strong current inversions of ebb and hood. As a result of these dynamics, particles and their attached nitrifying bacteria experience longer residence times in a temporary suspended state than the water masses themselves, providing to slow growing nitrifying bacteria the opportunity to develop a large population capable of nitrifying all the available ammonium

Contrôle actif de la combustion diphasique

L’application de cette thèse est le contrôle actif de la combustion dans les brûleurs industriels à combustible liquide. Il s’agit d’explorer les possibilités de contrôle d’un spray par des jets gazeux auxiliaires. Deux familles d’actionneurs utilisant ce procédé ont été testées sur un atomiseur coaxial assisté par air. Le premier dispositif est appelé (Dev). Composé d’un unique jet actionneur, il vise à dévier le spray. La seconde configuration, appelée (Sw), est équipée de 4 jets auxiliaires tangents au spray afin de lui conférer un effet de swirl et d’en augmenter le taux d’expansion. Les mesures de granulométrie par PDA et les visualisations du spray par strioscopie démontrent un effet important du contrôle sur l’atomisation et la forme du spray. On observe en outre une déviation pouvant atteindre 30°avec l’actionneur (Dev) et une augmentation du taux d’expansion de 80% dans le cas (Sw). Des simulations du banc expérimental ont de plus été menées avec le code AVBP. L’écoulement de gaz est calculé par simulation aux grandes échelles (SGE ou LES en Anglais). L’approche lagrangienne est utilisée pour simuler la phase dispersée. Une attention particulière a été portée aux conditions d’injection du gaz et des gouttes dans le calcul. Ceci a abouti au développement d’une nouvelle condition limite caractéristique non réfléchissante (VFCBC) destinée à l’injection d’écoulements turbulents en LES compressible. Les résultats de LES présentent un bon accord avec les mesures expérimentales. Les effets du contrôle sur la dynamique des gouttes et sur la topologie du spray (forme, déviation, expansion) sont correctement décrits

Comparison of outflow boundary conditions for subsonic aeroacoustic simulations

Aeroacoustics simulations require much more precise boundary conditions than classical aerodynamics. Two classes of non-reflecting boundary conditions for aeroacoustics are compared in the present work: characteristic analysis based methods and Tam and Dong approach. In characteristic methods, waves are identified and manipulated at the boundaries while Tam and Dong use modified linearized Euler equations in a buffer zone near outlets to mimic a non-reflecting boundary. The principles of both approaches are recalled and recent characteristic methods incorporating the treatment of transverse terms are discussed. Three characteristic techniques (the original NSCBC formulation of Poinsot and Lele and two versions of the modified method of Yoo and Im) are compared to the Tam and Dong method for four typical aeroacoustics problems: vortex convection on a uniform flow, vortex convection on a shear flow, acoustic propagation from a monopole and from a dipole. Results demonstrate that the Tam and Dong method generally provides the best results and is a serious alternative solution to characteristic methods even though its implementation might require more care than usual NSCBC approaches

Explainable artificial intelligence for breast cancer: A visual case-based reasoning approach

International audienceCase-Based Reasoning (CBR) is a form of analogical reasoning in which the solution for a (new) query case is determined using a database of previous known cases with their solutions. Cases similar to the query are retrieved from the database, and then their solutions are adapted to the query. In medicine, a case usually corresponds to a patient and the problem consists of classifying the patient in a class of diagnostic or therapy. Compared to "black box" algorithms such as deep learning, the responses of CBR systems can be justified easily using the similar cases as examples. However, this possibility is often under-exploited and the explanations provided by most CBR systems are limited to the display of the similar cases. In this paper, we propose a CBR method that can be both executed automatically as an algorithm and presented visually in a user interface for providing visual explanations or for visual reasoning. After retrieving similar cases, a visual interface displays quantitative and qualitative similarities between the query and the similar cases, so as one can easily classify the query through visual reasoning, in a fully explainable manner. It combines a quantitative approach (visualized by a scatter plot based on Multidimensional Scaling in polar coordinates , preserving distances involving the query) and a qualitative approach (set visualization using rainbow boxes). We applied this method to breast cancer management. We showed on three public datasets that our qualitative method has a classification accuracy comparable to k-Nearest Neighbors algorithms, but is better explainable. We also tested the proposed interface during a small user study. Finally, we apply the proposed approach to a real dataset in breast cancer. Medical experts found the visual approach interesting as it explains why cases are similar through the visualization of shared patient characteristics

Bayeux, Vaucelles, Sully – Aménagement d’une piste cyclable le long de la RD 6

Le diagnostic archéologique s’est déroulé dans le cadre de l’aménagement d’une piste cyclable d’1,1 km le long de la route départementale no 6, entre la sortie de la ville de Bayeux et le carrefour avec la route départementale no 169 (communes de Bayeux, Vaucelles et Sully) (maîtrise d’ouvrage : Conseil Général du Calvados). En dépit de la localisation du projet à la périphérie de la cité gallo-romaine d’Augustodurum (Bayeux), le long d’un axe de circulation rectiligne qui était vraisemblable..

Floridoside Extracted from the Red Alga Mastocarpus stellatus Is a Potent Activator of the Classical Complement Pathway

Many biological properties of algae have been found to have useful applications in human health, particularly in the fields of oncology and immunology. Floridoside, extracted from the red alga Mastocarpus stellatus, has a structure similar to the xenoantigen Gal alpha 1–3 Gal. This xenoantigen has been described to induce a high immune response in human xenografts and is mediated by natural anti-gal antibodies that activate the classical complement pathway. Based on this property, we analyzed the potential activities of floridoside on the immune system. We demonstrated that floridoside activates a complement cascade via the classical complement pathway, through the recruitment and activation of natural IgM. This algal molecule could represent an important step in the development of a potent new anticomplementary agent for use in therapeutic complement depletion

Implementing Guideline-based, Experience-based, and Case-based approaches to enrich decision support for the management of breast cancer patients in the DESIREE project

DESIREE is a European-funded project to improve the management of primary breast cancer. We have developed three decision support systems (DSSs), a guideline-based, an experience-based, and a case-based DSSs, resp. GL-DSS, EXP-DSS, and CB-DSS, that operate simultaneously to offer an enriched multi-modal decision support to clinicians. A breast cancer knowledge model has been built to describe within a common ontology the data model and the termino-ontological knowledge used for representing breast cancer patient cases. It allows for rule-based and subsumption-based reasoning in the GL-DSS to provide best patient-centered reconciled care plans. It also allows for using semantic similarity in the retrieval algorithm implemented in the CB-DSS. Rainbow boxes are used to display patient cases similar to a given query patient. This innovative visualization technique translates the question of deciding the most appropriate treatment into a question of deciding the colour dominance among boxes