Etude de la Morphodynamique Hydrique dans le Bassin Versant de Ogo (Nord-est du Sénégal) : Mesure du Ruissellement et de L’érosion sur les Terres Agricoles à Partir de Parcelles D’expérimentation

Le bassin versant de Ogo est touché par les aléas climatiques et fait face à des défis écologiques et environnementaux considérables (montée de la désertification). Les terres agricoles sont devenues de plus en plus fragiles du fait de l’érosion hydrique. Dans cet article, la morphodynamique hydrique est étudiée par des mesures de terrain à différents sites sur des parcelles d’expérimentation. Les mesures sur les parcelles d’érosion entre 2015 et 2017 ont montré une forte variabilité des taux de ruissèlement et d’érosion entre les sites observés. Cette variabilité est liée à la pluviométrie et au type de sol. Les coefficients de ruissellement varient entre 0,8 et 0,25 sur les sites d’observation (Thiankone Hiraye, Mbélone et Danthiady). L’érosion sur les parcelles sont estimées à 18,7 tonnes par hectares en 2015, 13,4 t/ha en 2016 et 14,95 t/ha de pertes en terre en 2017.   The Ogo watershed is affected by climatic hazards and faces considerable ecological and environmental challenges (increasing desertification). Agricultural lands have become increasingly fragile due to water erosion. In this paper, water morphodynamics is studied by field measurements at different sites on experimental plots. Measurements on erosion plots between 2015 and 2017 showed high variability in runoff and erosion rates between observed sites. This variability is related to rainfall and soil type. Runoff coefficients varied between 0.8 and 0.25 at the observation sites (Thiankone Hiraye, Mbélone and Danthiady). Erosion on the plots is estimated at 18.7 t/ha in 2015, 13.4 t/ha in 2016 and 14.95 t/ha of land loss in 2017

Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in northern region of Senegal: a communitybased study in 2012

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an emerging worldwide epidemic but few data are  available in African populations. We aimed to assess prevalence of CKD in adult populations of Saint-Louis (northern Senegal).Methods: In a population-based survey between January and May 2012, we included  1,037 adults aged =18 years living in Saint-Louis. Socio-demographical, clinical and biological data were collected during household visits. Serum creatinine was measured by Jaffé method. We estimated  glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the 4-variables MDRD equation and CKD was defined by eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2 and/or albuminuria > 1g/L. A multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with CKD. Results: Mean participants age was 47.9 ±16.9 years (18-87) and sex-ratio was 0.52. Majority of participants lived in urban areas (55.3% rural) and had school education (65.6%). Overall prevalences of hypertension, diabetes and obesity were 39.1%, 12.7% and 23.4% respectively. Prevalence of CKD was 4.9% (95% CI= 3.5 6.2) and 0.9% had GFR < 30 mL/min/1.73m2. Albuminuria >1g/l was found in 3.5% of people. CKD was significantly more frequent among hypertensive patients  compared to normotensive participants. Only 23% of patients were aware of their disease before the  survey. After multivariate logistic analysis, presence of CKD was significantly associated with  hypertension (OR=1.12, p= 0.02) and age (OR=1.03, p= 0.02). Conclusion: CKD is frequent in adult population living Northern Senegal. Main associated factors are hypertension and age. Prevention strategy is urgently needed to raise awareness and promote CKD detection and early treatment in both urban and rural areas.Key words: Chronic kidney disease, epidemiology, population, Senega

Etude de la Morphodynamique Hydrique dans le Bassin Versant de Ogo (Nord-est du Sénégal) : Mesure du Ruissellement et de L’érosion sur les Terres Agricoles à Partir de Parcelles D’expérimentation

Le bassin versant de Ogo est touché par les aléas climatiques et fait face à des défis écologiques et environnementaux considérables (montée de la désertification). Les terres agricoles sont devenues de plus en plus fragiles du fait de l’érosion hydrique. Dans cet article, la morphodynamique hydrique est étudiée par des mesures de terrain à différents sites sur des parcelles d’expérimentation. Les mesures sur les parcelles d’érosion entre 2015 et 2017 ont montré une forte variabilité des taux de ruissèlement et d’érosion entre les sites observés. Cette variabilité est liée à la pluviométrie et au type de sol. Les coefficients de ruissellement varient entre 0,8 et 0,25 sur les sites d’observation (Thiankone Hiraye, Mbélone et Danthiady). L’érosion sur les parcelles sont estimées à 18,7 tonnes par hectares en 2015, 13,4 t/ha en 2016 et 14,95 t/ha de pertes en terre en 2017.   The Ogo watershed is affected by climatic hazards and faces considerable ecological and environmental challenges (increasing desertification). Agricultural lands have become increasingly fragile due to water erosion. In this paper, water morphodynamics is studied by field measurements at different sites on experimental plots. Measurements on erosion plots between 2015 and 2017 showed high variability in runoff and erosion rates between observed sites. This variability is related to rainfall and soil type. Runoff coefficients varied between 0.8 and 0.25 at the observation sites (Thiankone Hiraye, Mbélone and Danthiady). Erosion on the plots is estimated at 18.7 t/ha in 2015, 13.4 t/ha in 2016 and 14.95 t/ha of land loss in 2017

Morphodynamique Hydrique dans le Bassin Versant de Ogo (Nord-est du Sénégal): Mesure du Ruissellement et de L’érosion sur les Terres Agricoles à partir de Parcelles D’expérimentation

Le bassin versant de Ogo est touché par les aléas climatiques et fait face à des défis écologiques et environnementaux considérables (montée de la désertification). Les terres agricoles sont devenues de plus en plus fragiles du fait de l’érosion hydrique. Dans cet article, la morphodynamique hydrique est étudiée par des mesures de terrain à différents sites sur des parcelles d’expérimentation. Les mesures sur les parcelles d’érosion entre 2015 et 2017 ont montré une forte variabilité des taux de ruissellement et d’érosion entre les sites observés. Cette variabilité est liée à la pluviométrie et au type de sol. Les coefficients de ruissellement varient entre 0,8 et 0,25 sur les sites d’observation (Thiankone Hiraye, Mbélone et Danthiady). L’érosion sur les parcelles est estimée à 18,7 t/h en 2015, à 13,4 t/ha en 2016 et à 14,95 t/ha de pertes en terre en 2017.   The Ogo watershed is affected by climatic hazards and faces considerable ecological and environmental challenges (increasing desertification). Agricultural land has become increasingly fragile due to water erosion. In this paper, water morphodynamics is studied by field measurements at different sites on experimental plots. Measurements on erosion plots between 2015 and 2017 showed a high variability of runoff and erosion rates between the observed sites. This variability is related to rainfall and soil type. The runoff coefficients vary between 0.8 and 0.25 on the observation sites (Thiankone Hiraye, Mbélone and Danthiady). Erosion on the plots is estimated at 18.7 t/h in 2015, 13.4 t/ha in 2016 and 14.95 t/ha of soil loss in 2017

Contribution of Dehydration and Malnutrition to the Mortality of Children 0-59 Month of Age in a Senegalese Pediatric Hospital

In-hospital mortality is an indicator of the quality of care. We analyzed the mortality of under five years children of Pediatric ward of Aristide Le Dantec teaching hospital to update our data, after an previous study conducted ten years earlier.Methods: This was a retrospective study involving children 0-59 months of age, hospitalized from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012.For each child, nutritional status was assessed according to 2006 World Health Organization growth standards; clinical and biological data were recorded. The outcome of the disease was specified. Bivariate and multivariable were used to identify risk factors for death.Results: 393 children were included. Overall mortality rate was 10% (39/393). Factors associated with death were severe wasting [OR = 8.27, 95% CI [3.79-18], male gender (OR = 2.98, 95% CI [1.25-7.1]), dehydration (OR = 5.4, 95% CI [2.54-13.43]) in the model using the weight-for- height z score, male gender (OR = 2.5, 95% CI [1.11-5.63]), dehydration (OR = 8.43, 95% CI [3.83-18.5]) in using the height- for- age z score, male gender (OR = 2.7, 95% CI [1.19-6.24]), dehydration (OR = 7.5, 95% CI [3.39-16.76]), severe underweight (OR = 2.4, 95% CI [1.11-5.63]), in the model using the weight-for- age z score, and male gender (OR = 2.5, 95% CI [1.11-5.63]), dehydration (OR = 8.43, 95% CI [3.83-18.5]) in that using MUAC.Dehydration and malnutrition are two independent factors of mortality. Our management protocols of dehydration and malnutrition have to be updated. Screening malnutrition has to be done systematically for each child by anthropometric measurements using WHO growth standards

Facteurs associés à la dissociation immunovirologique chez les patients infectés par le VIH-1 sous traitement antirétroviral hautement actif au Centre de Traitement Ambulatoire (CTA) de Dakar

Introduction: L'objectif de ce travail était d'évaluer les différents facteurs associés à la dissociation immunovirologique malgré un traitement antirétroviral hautement actif et efficace.Méthodes: Il s'agissait d'une étude de cohorte historique, descriptive et analytique faite à partir de dossiers de patients infectés par le VIH-1; sous traitement antirétroviral depuis au moins 12 mois, suivis dans la cohorte du CTA de 2001 à 2011 et ayant une charge virale indétectable depuis 6 mois.Résultats: Durant cette période d'étude de 10 ans, la prévalence de la DIV était de 19,3%. Le sexe féminin était prédominant avec un sexe ratio de 1,9. La dissociation immunovirologique a été plus fréquemment rencontrée chez les patients de sexe masculin (29,7% vs 14,1%) avec une différence statistiquement significative (p = 0,00006). L'âge médian était de 44 ans ± 10 ans. Un antécédent de tuberculose a été retrouvé dans environ un tiers des cas (31,4%). La dissociation immunovirologique était significativement plus fréquente chez les patients ayant un antécédent de tuberculose (p = 0,00005). La plupart des patients (68%) était au stade SIDA 3 ou 4 de l'OMS. Les patients ayant une dissociation immunovirologique étaient plus souvent aux stades 3 et 4 de l'OMS (p = 0,0001). La dénutrition a été notée dans plus de la moitié des cas (56,2%) et la dissociation immunovirologique prédominait chez les patients dénutris (p=0,005). Le taux moyen de lymphocytes TCD4+ était de 86,7± 83 cellules / mm3. La dissociation immunovirologique était plus fréquente chez les patients ayant un taux de lymphocytes TCD4 bas à l'initiation avec une différence statistiquement significative (p = 0,00000). En analyse multivariée; Seuls l'âge supérieur ou égal à 43 ans, le taux de CD4 initial < 100 c/mm3 et le sexe masculin étaient significativement associés à cette dissociation immunovirologique.Conclusion: Les principaux facteurs associés à la dissociation immunovirologique étant évalués, d'autres études portant sur ce groupe mériteraient d'être envisagées afin de connaitre l'impact de cette réponse immunologique partielle sur la survenue d'infections opportunistes ou bien la mise en place d'une trithérapie spécifique uniquement dans le but d'avoir une restauration immunologique optimale.Mots clés: Dissociation, immunovirologique, VIH, DakarEnglish Title: Factors associated with immunovirologic dissociation in HIV-1-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy in the Ambulatory Treatment Center (ATC) in DakarEnglish AbstractIntroduction: the objective of this work is to evaluate the different factors associated with immunovirologic dissociation despite highly active and effective antiretroviral treatment.Methods: we conducted a retrospective, cohort, descriptive and analytical study of the medical records of HIV-1 infected patients having received at least 12 months of antiretroviral therapy, followed in the ATC cohort from 2001 to 2011 and with undetectable viral load in the last 6 months.Results: during this 10-year study period, the prevalence of IVD was 19.3%. Female sex was predominant, with a sex ratio of 1.9. Immunovirologic dissociation was more frequent in male patients (29.7% vs 14.1%) with a statistically significant difference (p = 0,00006). The average age was 44 years ± 10 years. A history of tuberculosis was found in about a third of the cases (31.4%). Immunovirologic dissociation was significantly more frequent in patients with a history of tuberculosis (p = 0.00005). Most patients (68%) had AIDS at WHO clinical stages 3 or 4. Patients with immunovirologic dissociation were more often in WHO clinical stages 3 and 4 (p = 0.0001). More than half of the cases (56.2%) were found to be malnourished and immunovirologic dissociation was prevalent in malnourished patients (p=0.005). The mean CD4+ T lymphocytes counts was 86.7± 83 cells / mm3. Immunovirologic dissociation was more frequent in patients with initial low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.00000). By multivariate analysis, only age greater than or equal to 43 years, CD4 initial counts < 100 c/mm3 and male sex were significantly associated with this immunovirologic dissociation.Conclusion: our study assessed the main factors associated with immunovirologic dissociation. Other studies of this nature would also merit consideration in order to highlight the impact of this partial immune response on the emergence of opportunistic infections or the implementation of a specific tritherapy for the sole purpose of producing fully successful immune restoration.Keywords: Dissociation, immunovirologic, HIV, Daka

Bone sialoprotein plays a functional role in bone formation and osteoclastogenesis.

International audienceBone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (OPN) are both highly expressed in bone, but their functional specificities are unknown. OPN knockout ((-/-)) mice do not lose bone in a model of hindlimb disuse (tail suspension), showing the importance of OPN in bone remodeling. We report that BSP(-/-) mice are viable and breed normally, but their weight and size are lower than wild-type (WT) mice. Bone is undermineralized in fetuses and young adults, but not in older (>/=12 mo) BSP(-/-) mice. At 4 mo, BSP(-/-) mice display thinner cortical bones than WT, but greater trabecular bone volume with very low bone formation rate, which indicates reduced resorption, as confirmed by lower osteoclast surfaces. Although the frequency of total colonies and committed osteoblast colonies is the same, fewer mineralized colonies expressing decreased levels of osteoblast markers form in BSP(-/-) versus WT bone marrow stromal cultures. BSP(-/-) hematopoietic progenitors form fewer osteoclasts, but their resorptive activity on dentin is normal. Tail-suspended BSP(-/-) mice lose bone in hindlimbs, as expected. In conclusion, BSP deficiency impairs bone growth and mineralization, concomitant with dramatically reduced bone formation. It does not, however, prevent the bone loss resulting from loss of mechanical stimulation, a phenotype that is clearly different from OPN(-/-) mice

Dietary carotenoid-rich oil supplementation improves exercise-induced anisocytosis in runners: influences of haptoglobin, MnSOD (Val9Ala), CAT (21A/T) and GPX1 (Pro198Leu) gene polymorphisms in dilutional pseudoanemia (sports anemia)

Physical training induces beneficial adaptation, whereas exhaustive exercises increase reactive oxygen-species generation, thereby causing oxidative damage in plasma and erythrocytes, fractions susceptible to lipid peroxidation. Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) is a Brazilian Cerrado fruit containing a carotenoid-rich oil. The aim was to investigate the effects of pequi-oil on exercise-induced oxidative damage in plasma and erythrocytes, after running in the same environment and undergoing weekly training under the same conditions as to type, intensity and length. Evaluations were accomplished after outdoor running on flat land before and after ingestion of 400 mg pequi-oil capsules for 14 days. Blood samples were taken after running and submitted to TBARS assay and erythrogram analysis. Haptoglobin, MnSOD (Val9Ala), CAT (21A/T) and GPX1 (Pro198Leu) gene polymorphisms were priorly investigated, so as to estimate genetic influence The reduction in erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit after pequi-oil treatment was notably associated with higher plasma expansion. Except for MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) and RDW (red cell distribution width), the results were influenced by the polymorphisms studied. The best response to pequi-oil was presented by MnSOD Val/Val, CAT AA or AT genotypes and the GPX1 Pro allele. The significantly lower RDW and higher MHCH values were related to pequi-oil protective effects. Pequi oil, besides possessing other nutritional properties, showed protective blood effects

Gene polymorphisms against DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in leukocytes of healthy humans through comet assay: a quasi-experimental study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Normal cellular metabolism is well established as the source of endogenous reactive oxygen species which account for the background levels of oxidative DNA damage detected in normal tissue. Hydrogen peroxide imposes an oxidative stress condition on cells that can result in DNA damage, leading to mutagenesis and cell death. Several potentially significant genetic variants related to oxidative stress have already been identified, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been reported as possible antioxidant agents that can reduce vascular oxidative stress in cardiovascular events.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We investigate the influences of haptoglobin, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD Val9Ala), catalase (CAT -21A/T), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1 Pro198Leu), ACE (I/D) and gluthatione S-transferases GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms against DNA damage and oxidative stress. These were induced by exposing leukocytes from peripheral blood of healthy humans (N = 135) to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and the effects were tested by comet assay. Blood samples were submitted to genotyping and comet assay (before and after treatment with H₂O₂at 250 μM and 1 mM).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>After treatment with H₂O₂at 250 μM, the GPx-1 polymorphism significantly influenced results of comet assay and a possible association of the Pro/Leu genotype with higher DNA damage was found. The highest or lowest DNA damage also depended on interaction between GPX-1/ACE and Hp/GSTM1T1 polymorphisms when hydrogen peroxide treatment increased oxidative stress.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The GPx-1 polymorphism and the interactions between GPX-1/ACE and Hp/GSTM1T1 can be determining factors for DNA oxidation provoked by hydrogen peroxide, and thus for higher susceptibility to or protection against oxidative stress suffered by healthy individuals.</p

Modelling and Optimizing the Removal of Methylene Blue by a Mixture of Titaniferous Sand and Attapulgite Using Complete Factorial Design

This paper focuses on the removal of methylene blue by adsorption using a mixture of titaniferous sand and attapulgite. The different adsorbents were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and their different parameters such as pH, zero charge potential, and specific surface area were determined. The experiments performed were optimized and modeled by a full 2-level and 4-factor design. The four factors are the ratio of titaniferous sand and attapulgite, the concentration of methylene blue, pH, and time. These vary from 4 to 19, 20 to 100 mg/L, 2 to 9, and 30 to 150 min respectively. The study of the effects of the different factors showed that the effect of methylene blue concentration and pH significantly influence the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of the dye. The optimum parameters (adsorbent ratio, adsorbate concentration, pH and time) obtained for the adsorption capacity through the desirability function are: 19, 100mg/L, 9 and 150min. Those obtained for the yield are: 4, 100mg/L, 9, 150min. The pseudo second order adsorption kinetics gave an equilibrium adsorption capacity qe (calculated) = 7.6863 mg/g which is almost equal to that obtained experimentally qe (exp) = 7.3562 mg/g. This shows that the pseudo second order kinetic model is the adequate mathematical model to describe the methylene blue adsorption phenomenon on the mixture of titaniferous sand and attapulgite. The thermodynamic study showed that the methylene blue adsorption reaction is exothermic, non-spontaneous, and the degree of disorder of the particles at the adsorbing surface decreases