The construction and evaluation of seven lessons correlating music in grades three and six.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

A survey of practices, procedures, and time allotments devoted to the National Lunch Program by the principals, teachers, and lunchroom workers of the elementary public schools of Essex County

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

EXPANDING ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSACTIVE MEMORY ASYNCHRONOUSLY: THE EFFECT OF EXPERTISE

Organizations learn by sharing information. While filtering may exclude potentially valuable information, information overload may prevent the adequate identification of important information. Lee andBrooks [1993] report on the introduction of a document classification and information dissemination system for soft information. There was an initial concern that users would use high priority categories excessively within the grapeVINE system, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the filtering process. In fact, Lee and Brook found that people tended to undervalue their contributions and not put a high enough priority on their contribution. A large percent of the information in the grapeVINE system was added at low priority, causing the information not to be shared. A major advantage touted of groups is the potential for pooling unshared information and thereby improving task accomplishment. Stasser found that groups tend to discuss topics that they have in common(shared information) more then their unique knowledge (unshared information) [Stewart, 1992]. Based on social validation theory, Stewart [1992] predicted and found evidence that telling someone he or she is an expert, separately and in front of the other members of a group, increased the proportion of unshared information. This paper explores the affect of expertise on organizational transactive memory with respect to the filtering and sharing of information. First transactive organizational memory is briefly discussed, followed by relevant aspects of social validation theory and a description of the filtering and sharing model embodied in Brook\u27s classification and dissemination system. We then describe the experimental design used to isolate the effects of expertise on the filtering and sharing of information, present results, and discuss their implications

Postpneumonectomy syndrome: Surgical management and long-term results

ObjectivePostpneumonectomy syndrome is a rare syndrome of dynamic airway obstruction caused by extreme rotation and shift of the mediastinum after pneumonectomy, resulting in symptomatic central airway compression. We have treated this syndrome by mediastinal repositioning and placement of saline-filled prostheses into the pneumonectomy space. There is a paucity of outcome data for patients treated surgically, with only a single series of 11 patients previously reported. We analyzed our recent experience with treatment of this syndrome and report on the short and long-term outcomes and quality of life assessment of the largest series ever reported of patients treated by mediastinal repositioning.MethodsRecords were reviewed of all patients who underwent mediastinal repositioning for postpneumonectomy syndrome between January of 1992 and June of 2006. Long-term health-related quality of life was assessed by administration of the Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire.ResultsThere were 18 patients (15 women and 3 men) with a median age of 44 years (range 14–67 years). Thirteen patients had undergone right pneumonectomy, and 5 patients had undergone left pneumonectomy. None of the patients in whom postpneumonectomy syndrome developed after left pneumonectomy had a right-sided aortic arch. Five patients had undergone pneumonectomy in childhood (age < 13 years). The median interval between pneumonectomy and mediastinal repositioning was 7.5 years (range 1.1–54.8 years). The median follow-up was 32 months (range 4–143 months). The operative mortality was 5.6% (1/18). Complications occurred in 5 patients (27.8%): pneumonia in 3 patients and acute respiratory distress syndrome in 2 patients. The median hospitalization was 6 days (range 3–155 days). Some 77% (10/13) of patients reported significant improvement in their breathing and overall state of health after surgery; 15.4% of patients (2/13) were somewhat better, and 7.7% of patients (1/13) had no improvement. No patients' condition was worse after surgery. All patients who reported improvement in their symptoms after surgery remained symptomatically improved at the time of the quality of life assessment. Some 92.3% (12/13) were not at all or only slightly limited in their social activities because of breathing problems, and 84.6% (11/13) were not at all or only slightly limited in their ability to work as a result of their physical health.ConclusionRepositioning of the mediastinum with placement of prostheses for postpneumonectomy syndrome can be performed with low mortality and morbidity. Surgical repositioning provides immediate and lasting symptomatic relief to patients in whom postpneumonectomy syndrome develops

Assessment of preoperative accelerated radiotherapy and chemotherapy in stage IIIa (N2) non-small-cell lung cancer

AbstractForty patients with N2 non-small-cell lung cancer (stage IIIA), as determined by mediastinoscopy, were entered into a preoperative neoadjuvant study of chemotherapy (platinum, 5-fluorouracil, vinblastine) and accelerated radiotherapy (150 cGy twice per day for 7 days) for two cycles. Surgical resection was then performed and followed up with an additional cycle of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. All patients completed preoperative therapy. A major clinical response was seen in 87% of patients. Thirty-five patients underwent resection (one preoperative death, one refused operation, one had deterioration of pulmonary function, and two had pleural metastases). Operative mortality rate was 5.7% (2/35). Sixty percent of patients had no complications. Major complications included pulmonary emboli (three), pneumonia (two), and myocardial infarction (one). Downstaging was seen in 46% of patients, with two patients (5.7%) having no evidence of tumor in the specimen, five patients having sterilization of all lymph nodes, and nine patients having sterilization of mediastinal nodes but positive N1 nodes. Median survival of 40 patients was 28 months, with a projected 5-year survival of 43%. Patients with downstaged disease had statistically significant improved survival compared with patients whose disease was not downstaged. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1996;111:123-33

Adsorption of the prototypical organic corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole on the Cu(100) surface

M.T. gratefully acknowledges financial support from Lubrizol Limited and thanks the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant EP/L015307/1 for the Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training (MAS-CDT). C.G. acknowledges the use of the Euler cluster at ETH Zurich for the DFT calculations. F.G. acknowledges funding from the EPSRC (grant EP/S027270/1).The interaction of benzotriazole (BTAH) with Cu(100) has been studied as a function of BTAH exposure in a joint experimental and theoretical effort. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been combined to elucidate the structural and chemical characteristics of this system. BTAH is found to deprotonate upon adsorption on the copper surface and to adopt an orientation that depends on the molecular coverage. Benzotriazolate (BTA) species initially lie with their planes parallel to the substrate but, at a higher molecular coverage, a transition occurs to an upright adsorption geometry. Upon increasing the BTAH exposure, different phases of vertically aligned BTAs are observed with increasing molecular densities until a final, self-limiting monolayer is developed. Both theory and experiment agree in identifying CuBTA and Cu(BTA)2 metal-organic complexes as the fundamental building blocks of this monolayer. This work shows several similarities with the results of previous studies on the interaction of benzotriazole with other low Miller index copper surfaces, thereby ideally completing and concluding them. The overall emerging picture constitutes an important starting point for understanding the mechanism for protection of copper from corrosion.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Anastomotic complications after tracheal resection: Prognostic factors and management

ObjectiveWe sought to identify risk factors for anastomotic complications after tracheal resection and to describe the management of these patients.MethodsThis was a single-institution, retrospective review of 901 patients who underwent tracheal resection.ResultsThe indications for tracheal resection were postintubation tracheal stenosis in 589 patients, tumor in 208, idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis in 83, and tracheoesophageal fistula in 21. Anastomotic complications occurred in 81 patients (9%). Eleven patients (1%) died after operation, 6 of anastomotic complications and 5 of other causes (odds ratio 13.0, P = .0001 for risk of death after anastomotic complication). At the end of treatment, 853 patients (95%) had a good result, whereas 37 patients (4%) had an airway maintained by tracheostomy or T-tube. The treatments of patients with an anastomotic complication were as follows: multiple dilations (n = 2), temporary tracheostomy (n = 7), temporary T-tube (n = 16), permanent tracheostomy (n = 14), permanent T-tube (n = 20), and reoperation (n = 16). Stepwise multivariable analysis revealed the following predictors of anastomotic complications: reoperation (odds ratio 3.03, 95% confidence interval 1.69-5.43, P = .002), diabetes (odds ratio 3.32, 95% confidence interval 1.76-6.26, P = .002), lengthy (≥4 cm) resections (odds ratio 2.01, 95% confidence interval 1.21-3.35, P = .007), laryngotracheal resection (odds ratio 1.80, 95% confidence interval 1.07-3.01, P = .03), age 17 years or younger (odds ratio 2.26, 95% confidence interval 1.09-4.68, P = .03), and need for tracheostomy before operation (odds ratio 1.79, 95% confidence interval 1.03-3.14, P = .04).ConclusionsTracheal resection is usually successful and has a low mortality. Anastomotic complications are uncommon, and important risk factors are reoperation, diabetes, lengthy resections, laryngotracheal resections, young age (pediatric patients), and the need for tracheostomy before operation

CLASH: Weak-Lensing Shear-and-Magnification Analysis of 20 Galaxy Clusters

We present a joint shear-and-magnification weak-lensing analysis of a sample of 16 X-ray-regular and 4 high-magnification galaxy clusters at 0.19<z<0.69 selected from the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH). Our analysis uses wide-field multi-color imaging, taken primarily with Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope. From a stacked shear-only analysis of the X-ray-selected subsample, we detect the ensemble-averaged lensing signal with a total signal-to-noise ratio of ~25 in the radial range of 200 to 3500kpc/h. The stacked tangential-shear signal is well described by a family of standard density profiles predicted for dark-matter-dominated halos in gravitational equilibrium, namely the Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW), truncated variants of NFW, and Einasto models. For the NFW model, we measure a mean concentration of $c_{200c}=4.01^{+0.35}_{-0.32}$ at $M_{200c}=1.34^{+0.10}_{-0.09} 10^{15}M_{\odot}$. We show this is in excellent agreement with Lambda cold-dark-matter (LCDM) predictions when the CLASH X-ray selection function and projection effects are taken into account. The best-fit Einasto shape parameter is $\alpha_E=0.191^{+0.071}_{-0.068}$, which is consistent with the NFW-equivalent Einasto parameter of $\sim 0.18$. We reconstruct projected mass density profiles of all CLASH clusters from a joint likelihood analysis of shear-and-magnification data, and measure cluster masses at several characteristic radii. We also derive an ensemble-averaged total projected mass profile of the X-ray-selected subsample by stacking their individual mass profiles. The stacked total mass profile, constrained by the shear+magnification data, is shown to be consistent with our shear-based halo-model predictions including the effects of surrounding large-scale structure as a two-halo term, establishing further consistency in the context of the LCDM model.Comment: Accepted by ApJ on 11 August 2014. Textual changes to improve clarity (e.g., Sec.3.2.2 "Number-count Depletion", Sec.4.3 "Shape Measurement", Sec.4.4 "Background Galaxy Selection"). Results and conclusions remain unchanged. For the public release of Subaru data, see http://archive.stsci.edu/prepds/clash

Orbit-Based Dynamical Models of the Sombrero Galaxy (NGC 4594)

We present axisymmetric, orbit-based models to study the central black hole, stellar mass-to-light ratio, and dark matter halo of NGC 4594 (M104, the Sombrero Galaxy). For stellar kinematics, we use published high-resolution kinematics of the central region taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, newly obtained Gemini long-slit spectra of the major axis, and integral field kinematics from the SAURON instrument. At large radii, we use globular cluster kinematics to trace the mass profile and apply extra leverage to recovering the dark matter halo parameters. We find a black hole of mass M_{\bullet}=(6.6 +/- 0.4) x 10^8 M_{\odot}, and determine the stellar M/L_I=3.4 +/- 0.05 (uncertainties are the 68% confidence band marginalized over the other parameters). Our best fit dark matter halo is a cored logarithmic model with asymptotic circular speed V_c=376 +/- 12 km/s and core radius r_c= 4.7 +/- 0.6 kpc. The fraction of dark to total mass contained within the half-light radius is 0.52. Taking the bulge and disk components into account in our calculation of \sigma_e puts NGC 4594 squarely on the M-\sigma relation. We also determine that NGC 4594 lies directly on the M-L relation.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in Ap