96 research outputs found
Exploring Spanish Heritage Speakers’ Coping Mechanisms to Manage Name-based Microaggressions
Spanish Heritage Speakers (HSs) in the U.S. can be the target of indirect acts of discrimination related to their ethnolinguistic identity (Ayón & Philbin, 2017). Name-based microaggressions are subtle insults directed at marginalized groups or individuals as a reaction, often unconscious or automatic, to their given name. This can include mispronunciation, renaming practices or indexical bleaching of an ethnic name (i.e., Bucholtz, 2005; Ayón & Philbin, 2017). Although it may seem harmless to a casual observer, students exposed to name-related subtle discrimination can experience feelings of othering, hyper-awareness, and unconscious internalization of harmful racial ideologies directed towards their ethnoracial group (i.e., Kohli & Solórzano, 2012; Ayón & Philbin, 2017; Bucholtz, 2016). Informed by Critical Race Theory and critical raciolinguistic scholarship, this study seeks to answer the following three questions: Do Spanish heritage speakers experience name-based microaggressions? What coping mechanisms do heritage speakers utilize to counteract name-based microaggressions in the educational setting? What specific strategies could be implemented in the SHL classroom to encourage student agency? To answer these questions, we surveyed a total of 95 college-age Spanish heritage speakers across the country. Participants were asked to complete an online Qualtrics questionnaire on their experiences with name-based microaggressions. This questionnaire consisted of eleven background questions adapted from the Bilingual Language Profile (Birdsong, Gertken & Amengual, 2012), and twelve critical questions about the topic under study. Furthermore, small focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted to expand on students’ coping mechanisms regarding name-related microaggressive experiences. In line with previous research, preliminary findings indicate that HSs often utilize avoidance, internalization, and assimilation strategies to fend off uncomfortable interactions or feelings of distress. Other coping mechanisms include choosing when and where to assert their ethnolinguistic identity, and when/where to adapt to other’s expectations of them. This study contributes to our understanding of Spanish heritage speakers’ racialized realities and raciolinguistic microaggressions in the learning environment
Surface Sensitive NMR Detection of the SEI Layer on Reduced Graphene Oxide
The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is detrimental for rechargeable
batteries performance and lifetime. Understanding its formation requires
analytical techniques that provide molecular level insight. Here dynamic
nuclear polarization (DNP) is utilized for the first time for enhancing the
sensitivity of solid state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy to the SEI. The approach is
demonstrated on reduced-graphene oxide (rGO) cycled in Li-ion cells in natural
abundance and 13C-enriched electrolyte solvents. Our results indicate that DNP
enhances the signal of outer SEI layers, enabling detection of natural
abundance 13C spectra from this component of the SEI at reasonable timeframes.
Furthermore, 13C- enriched electrolytes measurements at 100K provide ample
sensitivity without DNP due to the vast amount of SEI filling the rGO pores,
thereby allowing differentiating the inner and outer SEI layers composition.
Developing this approach further will benefit the study of many electrode
materials, equipping ssNMR with the needed sensitivity to efficiently probe the
SEI.The work was supported by a research grant from Dana and Yossie Hollander, the Alon fellowship from Israel council of higher education and partially by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) in the framework of the INREP project (M.L.). This project has received funding from the European Unions’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 696656 – GrapheneCore1 (G.K. and C.P.G.). We thank Dr. Wanjing Yu (Central South University, China) for graphene synthesis and related discussions. G.K. thanks Dr. Duhee Yoon (Cambridge Graphene Centre) for Raman measurements and helpful discussions. The research is made possible in part by the historic generosity of the Harold Perlman family. We thank Dr. Frederic Mentink-Vigier for helpful suggestions. DNP experiments at 14.1 T were performed at the DNP MAS NMR Facility at the University of Nottingham, with thanks to the EPSRC for funding of pilot studies (EP/L022524/1)
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Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Herbicide Tolerance in Bermudagrass
Contamination of newly planted bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) varieties by undesirable off-type bermudagrass genotypes is an
ever increasing concern for turf managers because selective control options are limited. In 2009, a sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} tolerant bermudagrass genotype (93-175) was identified during
herbicide screening at the University of Georgia in Tifton. The objective of this research was to assess the tolerance of 93-175 to three Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) herbicides in comparison to the susceptible genotypes Tifway and common bermudagrass.
Greenhouse and field trials were performed between August 2011 and April 2013. Factors in the field experiment included ACCase
herbicides, application rates, bermudagrass genotypes, and locations. Turfgrass injury ratings taken 42 days after treatment (DAT)
and during greenup the following spring supported initial preliminary findings. At the 1x rate of sethoxydim (280 g a.i. ha⁻¹),
93-175 displayed 50 to 87% less injury in comparison to the susceptible genotypes. In the spring of 2013, 93-175 plots treated with
a 1x rate of sethoxydim reached 100% recovery during the same time period as non-treated controls, while common and Tifway
had only recovered to 48 and 60%, respectively. The tolerance mechanism of 93-175 to sethoxydim did not confer an appreciable
reduction of clethodim {(E,E)-(6)-2-[1-[[(3-chloro-2-propenyl)oxy]imino]propyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-
1-one} or fluazifop {(6)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid} herbicide treatment effects. 93-175 will
continue to be studied to determine transferability of herbicide tolerance to progeny and the mechanism of the observed tolerance
First results from the JWST Early Release Science Program Q3D: Ionization cone, clumpy star formation and shocks in a extremely red quasar host
Massive galaxies formed most actively at redshifts during the period
known as `cosmic noon.' Here we present an emission-line study of an extremely
red quasar SDSSJ165202.64+172852.3 host galaxy at , based on
observations with the Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) integral field unit
(IFU) on board JWST. We use standard emission-line diagnostic ratios to map the
sources of gas ionization across the host and a swarm of companion galaxies.
The quasar dominates the photoionization, but we also discover shock-excited
regions orthogonal to the ionization cone and the quasar-driven outflow. These
shocks could be merger-induced or -- more likely, given the presence of a
powerful galactic-scale quasar outflow -- these are signatures of wide-angle
outflows that can reach parts of the galaxy that are not directly illuminated
by the quasar. Finally, the kinematically narrow emission associated with the
host galaxy presents as a collection of 1 kpc-scale clumps forming stars at a
rate of at least 200 yr. The ISM within these clumps shows
high electron densities, reaching up to 3,000 cm with metallicities
ranging from half to a third solar with a positive metallicity gradient and V
band extinctions up to 3 magnitudes. The star formation conditions are far more
extreme in these regions than in local star-forming galaxies but consistent
with that of massive galaxies at cosmic noon. JWST observations reveal an
archetypical rapidly forming massive galaxy undergoing a merger, a clumpy
starburst, an episode of obscured near-Eddington quasar activity, and an
extremely powerful quasar outflow simultaneously.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in Ap
First results from the JWST Early Release Science Program Q3D: The Warm Ionized Gas Outflow in z ~ 1.6 Quasar XID 2028 and its Impact on the Host Galaxy
Quasar feedback may regulate the growth of supermassive black holes, quench
coeval star formation, and impact galaxy morphology and the circumgalactic
medium. However, direct evidence for quasar feedback in action at the epoch of
peak black hole accretion at z ~ 2 remains elusive. A good case in point is the
z = 1.6 quasar WISEA J100211.29+013706.7 (XID 2028) where past analyses of the
same ground-based data have come to different conclusions. Here we revisit this
object with the integral field unit of the Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec)
on board the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) as part of Early Release Science
program Q3D. The excellent angular resolution and sensitivity of the JWST data
reveal new morphological and kinematic sub-structures in the outflowing gas
plume. An analysis of the emission line ratios indicates that photoionization
by the central quasar dominates the ionization state of the gas with no obvious
sign for a major contribution from hot young stars anywhere in the host galaxy.
Rest-frame near-ultraviolet emission aligned along the wide-angle cone of
outflowing gas is interpreted as a scattering cone. The outflow has cleared a
channel in the dusty host galaxy through which some of the quasar ionizing
radiation is able to escape and heat the surrounding interstellar and
circumgalactic media. The warm ionized outflow is not powerful enough to impact
the host galaxy via mechanical feedback, but radiative feedback by the AGN,
aided by the outflow, may help explain the unusually small molecular gas mass
fraction in the galaxy host.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical
Journa
Protocol for the development of a tool (INSPECT-SR) to identify problematic randomised controlled trials in systematic reviews of health interventions
This research is funded by the NIHR Research for Patient Benefit programme (NIHR203568). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.Peer reviewe
Metabolism of halophilic archaea
In spite of their common hypersaline environment, halophilic archaea are surprisingly different in their nutritional demands and metabolic pathways. The metabolic diversity of halophilic archaea was investigated at the genomic level through systematic metabolic reconstruction and comparative analysis of four completely sequenced species: Halobacterium salinarum, Haloarcula marismortui, Haloquadratum walsbyi, and the haloalkaliphile Natronomonas pharaonis. The comparative study reveals different sets of enzyme genes amongst halophilic archaea, e.g. in glycerol degradation, pentose metabolism, and folate synthesis. The carefully assessed metabolic data represent a reliable resource for future system biology approaches as it also links to current experimental data on (halo)archaea from the literature
Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.
BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700
Prognostic model to predict postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery based on a national prospective observational cohort study.
Background: Acute illness, existing co-morbidities and surgical stress response can all contribute to postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this study was prospectively to develop a pragmatic prognostic model to stratify patients according to risk of developing AKI after major gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: This prospective multicentre cohort study included consecutive adults undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection, liver resection or stoma reversal in 2-week blocks over a continuous 3-month period. The primary outcome was the rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery. Bootstrap stability was used to select clinically plausible risk factors into the model. Internal model validation was carried out by bootstrap validation. Results: A total of 4544 patients were included across 173 centres in the UK and Ireland. The overall rate of AKI was 14·2 per cent (646 of 4544) and the 30-day mortality rate was 1·8 per cent (84 of 4544). Stage 1 AKI was significantly associated with 30-day mortality (unadjusted odds ratio 7·61, 95 per cent c.i. 4·49 to 12·90; P < 0·001), with increasing odds of death with each AKI stage. Six variables were selected for inclusion in the prognostic model: age, sex, ASA grade, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, planned open surgery and preoperative use of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Internal validation demonstrated good model discrimination (c-statistic 0·65). Discussion: Following major gastrointestinal surgery, AKI occurred in one in seven patients. This preoperative prognostic model identified patients at high risk of postoperative AKI. Validation in an independent data set is required to ensure generalizability
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